Industrial Engineer Office Automation flashcards

35 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Absolute vs relative reference

In spreadsheets, a relative reference such as A1 shifts when copied, while an absolute reference such as $A$1 stays fixed. Mixed forms lock only the column or only the row.

Mail merge components

A mail merge needs a main document containing merge fields and a data source whose header row names those fields. Each record generates one output document, and filters limit which records merge.

Macro security control

Macros can run arbitrary code, so macro-enabled files are blocked by default. Trust Center policy, trusted locations, and digitally signed macros from trusted publishers are the standard controls.

WCAG contrast minimum

WCAG 2.x level AA requires a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text. Tagged PDF export and alternative text preserve accessibility for screen readers.

Third normal form

A relation is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and no non-key attribute depends transitively on another non-key attribute. Each non-key fact depends only on the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key.

ACID transaction properties

Atomicity means all-or-nothing execution, consistency preserves constraints, isolation prevents illegal interleaving of concurrent transactions, and durability keeps committed changes after failure.

Star schema structure

A star schema centers on a fact table holding measures and foreign keys, surrounded by denormalized dimension tables describing context. It suits analytical queries better than normalized OLTP designs.

RPO versus RTO

Recovery point objective is the maximum tolerable data loss, driving backup frequency. Recovery time objective is the maximum tolerable downtime, driving restore architecture and redundancy.

Foreign key purpose

A foreign key references a primary or unique key in another table, enforcing referential integrity so child rows cannot point to nonexistent parents. It also documents relationships in the schema.

Little's Law

Average work-in-process equals arrival rate multiplied by average flow time (L = lambda x W). Given any two values you can solve for the third, predicting queue buildup or required flow time.

BPMN gateway types

An exclusive gateway routes to exactly one path, a parallel gateway activates all paths, and an inclusive gateway activates one or more. Gateways model decisions, forks, and merges in process diagrams.

Process cycle efficiency

Process cycle efficiency equals value-added time divided by total lead time. A low ratio shows waiting, transport, and rework dominate, so improvement should target queues rather than touch labor.

Theory of Constraints steps

Identify the bottleneck, exploit it, subordinate other steps to its pace, elevate its capacity, then repeat. System throughput is limited by the constraint, so improving elsewhere does not raise output.

Seven wastes TIMWOOD

Transport, inventory, motion, waiting, overproduction, overprocessing, and defects. Value stream mapping tags each step as value-added, necessary non-value-added, or pure waste to focus improvement.

Standard time formula

Normal time equals observed time multiplied by performance rating. Standard time equals normal time multiplied by one plus the allowance factor, where allowances cover personal, fatigue, and delay needs.

Work sampling sample size

Required observations n = z squared times p times (1 - p) divided by e squared. When the activity proportion is unknown, use p = 0.5 for the most conservative estimate.

Learning curve formula

Time for unit n is T1 times n raised to b, where b equals log(learning rate) divided by log(2). An 80 percent curve means each doubling of cumulative output cuts unit time to 80 percent.

NIOSH lifting index

The recommended weight limit uses load constant, horizontal, vertical, distance, asymmetry, frequency, and coupling multipliers. A lifting index above 1.0 indicates elevated risk and requires redesign.

Anthropometric percentile rule

Design reach limits for the 5th percentile so most users can reach, and clearance dimensions for the 95th percentile so most users fit. Adjustability covers the range between rather than an average.

Private IPv4 ranges

RFC 1918 private ranges are 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16. A /24 subnet provides 256 addresses, of which 254 are usable after network and broadcast.

RAID 5 versus RAID 10

RAID 5 stripes data with single distributed parity and survives one drive failure. RAID 10 mirrors then stripes, surviving multiple failures if not paired, with faster writes and higher storage cost.

Power over Ethernet budgets

802.3af supplies up to 15.4 watts, 802.3at up to 30 watts, and 802.3bt up to 60 or 90 watts. PoE powers phones, access points, and cameras over the same Ethernet cable.

DHCP DORA sequence

Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge. The client broadcasts for a server, receives an offer, requests the address, and the server confirms the lease. Reservations pin a device by MAC address.

Critical path total float

The critical path is the longest path through the network and sets the shortest project duration. Its activities have zero total float, where float equals late start minus early start.

CPI and SPI interpretation

Cost performance index equals earned value divided by actual cost; schedule performance index equals earned value divided by planned value. Values below 1.0 indicate cost overrun or schedule slippage.

PERT three-point estimate

Expected duration equals optimistic plus four times most likely plus pessimistic, divided by six. Standard deviation equals pessimistic minus optimistic divided by six; independent variances add when combining activities.

Go-live cutover strategies

Big-bang switches all users at once, parallel run operates old and new systems together, phased rollout moves by module or site, and pilot starts with limited users to contain risk.

Symmetric versus asymmetric encryption

Symmetric encryption such as AES uses one shared key and is fast for bulk data. Asymmetric encryption such as RSA or ECC uses public and private keys for key exchange and digital signatures.

Password hashing practice

Store passwords using a salted, slow key-derivation function such as bcrypt, PBKDF2, or Argon2. Hashing is one-way, so verification recomputes the hash rather than decrypting stored values.

GDPR breach notification

Controllers must notify the supervisory authority of a personal data breach generally within 72 hours of becoming aware, unless the breach is unlikely to result in risk to individuals.

Backup 3-2-1 rule

Keep at least three copies of data, on two different media types, with one copy offsite or offline. Immutable or air-gapped copies protect against ransomware encrypting connected backups.

Break-even quantity

Break-even units equal fixed cost divided by price minus variable cost per unit. Contribution margin per unit is price minus variable cost, and higher fixed cost raises operating leverage.

Economic order quantity

EOQ equals the square root of two times annual demand times order cost, divided by annual holding cost per unit. Total inventory cost is minimized where ordering cost equals holding cost.

Exponential smoothing formula

The next forecast equals alpha times the latest actual plus one minus alpha times the prior forecast. A higher alpha weights recent observations more heavily and reacts faster to change.

Value of perfect information

Expected value of perfect information equals the expected payoff with perfect information minus the best expected monetary value without it. It sets the maximum worth of additional research.