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Korean Social Worker Level 1 (사회복지사 1급): professional foundations study materials
Korean Social Worker Level 1 (사회복지사 1급): professional foundations study resources

Korean Social Worker Level 1 (사회복지사 1급): professional foundations practice questions

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Question 1Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

According to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, which core psychosocial crisis characterizes adolescence (청소년기)?

  1. Ego Identity vs Role Confusion (자아정체감 대 역할혼란) Correct answer.
  2. Industry vs Inferiority (근면성 대 열등감)
  3. Intimacy vs Isolation (친밀감 대 고립감)
  4. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (자율성 대 수치심과 회의감)

Explanation

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, adolescence (approximately ages 12 to 18) is dominated by the developmental crisis of Ego Identity vs Role Confusion (자아정체감 대 역할혼란). Successful navigation establishes a cohesive sense of self and personal values (virtue: Fidelity), while failure leads to identity diffusion.

Question 2Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which stage does a child first acquire the concept of conservation (보존개념) and the ability to perform mental operations on concrete objects?

  1. Sensorimotor stage (감각운동기)
  2. Concrete operational stage (구체적 조작기) Correct answer.
  3. Preoperational stage (전조작기)
  4. Formal operational stage (형식적 조작기)

Explanation

Piaget's concrete operational stage (구체적 조작기, approximately ages 7 to 11) is marked by the mastery of conservation (understanding that quantity remains identical despite transformations in shape or appearance), cognitive reversibility (가역성), and logical classification of tangible objects.

Question 3Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

Which defense mechanism (방어기제) in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory involves redirecting socially unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into constructive, culturally praised activities such as art, athletics, or scientific scholarship?

  1. Repression (억압)
  2. Reaction formation (반동형성)
  3. Sublimation (승화) Correct answer.
  4. Projection (투사)

Explanation

Sublimation (승화) is considered the most mature defense mechanism, whereby the ego channels disruptive instinctual impulses (instincts of aggression or sexuality) into socially productive, creative, and culturally beneficial pursuits (e.g., channeling aggressive impulses into professional surgery or boxing).

Question 4Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

Which of the following concepts is a central tenet of Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology (개인심리학)?

  1. The collective unconscious and universal archetypes (집단무의식과 원형)
  2. Psychosexual fixations across five distinct stages (심리성적 발달단계)
  3. Reciprocal determinism between behavior and cognitive schemas (상호결정론)
  4. Striving for superiority and overcoming feelings of inferiority (우월성 추구와 열등감 극복) Correct answer.

Explanation

Alfred Adler posited that striving for superiority (우월성 추구) to compensate for universal human feelings of inferiority (열등감) is the primary driving force in human personality development, alongside the concepts of birth order, social interest (사회적 관심), and unique lifestyle (생활양식).

Question 5Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology, what structural archetype represents the public social mask or facade that an individual presents to the outer world to meet societal expectations?

  1. Persona (페르소나) Correct answer.
  2. Shadow (그림자)
  3. Anima (아니마)
  4. Self (자기)

Explanation

The persona (페르소나) is the archetype of the public mask or social compromise that an individual adopts in social interactions to conform to societal roles, conventions, and cultural expectations, masking deeper aspects of the true personality.

Question 6Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning, a mother turns off an annoying buzzing alarm only after her child puts on their seatbelt, resulting in the child buckling up immediately on future trips. What conditioning mechanism is operating here?

  1. Positive reinforcement (정적 강화)
  2. Negative reinforcement (부적 강화) Correct answer.
  3. Positive punishment (정적 처벌)
  4. Negative punishment (부적 처벌 / 소거)

Explanation

Negative reinforcement (부적 강화) increases the probability of a target behavior (buckling the seatbelt) by removing, terminating, or avoiding an unpleasant or aversive stimulus (the annoying buzzing sound). Both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior.

Question 7Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

According to Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory, what cognitive-behavioral process occurs when an individual's likelihood of performing a behavior increases simply from observing another person receive a reward for that behavior?

  1. Classical conditioning (고전적 조건형성)
  2. Systematic desensitization (체계적 둔감화)
  3. Vicarious reinforcement (대리강화) Correct answer.
  4. Stimulus generalization (자극일반화)

Explanation

Vicarious reinforcement (대리강화) occurs when an observer witnesses a model being praised or rewarded for a specific behavior, which increases the observer's motivation to imitate and execute the modeled behavior themselves without directly receiving personal reinforcement.

Question 8Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which systemic level represents the reciprocal interactions and linkages occurring between two or more of a child's primary microsystems (such as the connection between family and school)?

  1. Microsystem (미시체계)
  2. Exosystem (외체계)
  3. Macrosystem (거시체계)
  4. Mesosystem (중간체계) Correct answer.

Explanation

The mesosystem (중간체계) consists of the linkages, relationships, and processes taking place between two or more settings containing the developing person (e.g., parent-teacher conferences linking family and school, or peer group interactions with the neighborhood).

Question 9Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

Which sociological theory of aging asserts that successful aging occurs when older adults gradually, mutually, and naturally withdraw from social roles and responsibilities to allow younger generations to step in?

  1. Disengagement theory (유리이론 / 분리이론) Correct answer.
  2. Activity theory (활동이론)
  3. Continuity theory (지속이론)
  4. Age stratification theory (연령계층이론)

Explanation

Disengagement theory (유리이론 or 분리이론), proposed by Cumming and Henry, argues that aging involves an inevitable, mutually beneficial, and functional withdrawal of older persons from social systems and occupational roles to maintain social equilibrium and prepare for death.

Question 10Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, an infant explores the room freely when mother is present, becomes moderately distressed upon separation, and actively seeks proximity and is readily soothed upon her return. What attachment style does this reflect?

  1. Insecure-Avoidant attachment (불안정 회피애착)
  2. Secure attachment (안정애착) Correct answer.
  3. Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant attachment (불안정 저항애착)
  4. Disorganized/Disoriented attachment (혼란애착)

Explanation

Secure attachment (안정애착) is characterized by using the caregiver as a secure base for exploration, showing age-appropriate separation distress, and immediately welcoming the caregiver, seeking contact, and regaining calm upon reunion.

Question 11Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Erikson's developmental framework, an adult in middle adulthood (중년기, ages 40 to 65) who fails to guide the next generation and becomes entirely self-absorbed is experiencing which negative resolution?

  1. Despair (절망감)
  2. Role confusion (역할혼란)
  3. Stagnation (침체성) Correct answer.
  4. Isolation (고립감)

Explanation

In middle adulthood, Erikson identified the developmental crisis of Generativity vs Stagnation (생산성 대 침체성). Generativity involves nurturing younger generations, mentoring, and contributing to community welfare; failure leads to self-absorption and stagnation (침체성).

Question 12Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who determines the morality of an action based strictly on obeying established laws, respecting social order, and fulfilling civil duties operates at which moral level?

  1. Conventional level - Stage 4: Law and Order orientation (인습 수준 - 법과 질서 지향) Correct answer.
  2. Preconventional level - Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience (전인습 수준 - 처벌과 복종 지향)
  3. Preconventional level - Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist (전인습 수준 - 도구적 상대주의 지향)
  4. Postconventional level - Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles (후인습 수준 - 보편적 윤리원칙 지향)

Explanation

At Kohlberg's Conventional level (인습적 수준), specifically Stage 4 (Law and Order orientation / 사회질서 유지 지향), moral judgment is anchored in upholding social laws, rules, and authority to maintain social stability and order.

Question 13Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Felix Biestek's classic Seven Principles of Casework (비에스텍의 7대 관계론 원칙), which principle demands that the social worker perceive and respond to each client as a unique human being with individual characteristics, avoiding stereotypes and categorized preconceptions?

  1. Nonjudgmental attitude (비심판적 태도)
  2. Individualization (개별화) Correct answer.
  3. Controlled emotional involvement (통제된 정서적 관여)
  4. Acceptance (수용)

Explanation

Individualization (개별화) recognizes each client's unique qualities, rights, and personal context. Social workers must not treat clients merely as representatives of a demographic group, pathology, or administrative category, but adapt pace, setting, and interventions to individual uniqueness.

Question 14Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

Which of Biestek's casework principles explicitly states that the social worker must refrain from attributing moral guilt, fault, or blame to the client regarding the origin of their life difficulties?

  1. Confidentiality (비밀보장)
  2. Purposeful expression of feelings (의도적 감정표현)
  3. Acceptance (수용)
  4. Nonjudgmental attitude (비심판적 태도) Correct answer.

Explanation

The nonjudgmental attitude (비심판적 태도) requires the social worker to exclude moral condemnation, assigning blame, or sitting in judgment of the client's character, while continuing to evaluate behaviors objectively to facilitate therapeutic change.

Question 15Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

What is the professional definition of Controlled Emotional Involvement (통제된 정서적 관여) in clinical casework?

  1. The social worker responds with sensitivity to client feelings, understands their psychological meaning, and offers purposeful empathetic responses bounded by therapeutic goals Correct answer.
  2. The social worker maintains complete emotional detachment, displaying zero affect or empathy during interviews
  3. The social worker fully shares and experiences the exact same emotional pain as the client, crying alongside them in every session
  4. The social worker reprimands clients whenever they express intense grief or anger

Explanation

Controlled emotional involvement (통제된 정서적 관여) consists of three interconnected elements: 1. Sensitivity (감수성: picking up on client affect), 2. Understanding (이해: grasping the psychological meaning of feelings), and 3. Response (응답: offering purposeful, regulated empathetic communication guided by client needs rather than personal emotional reactivity).

Question 16Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In social work assessment, what graphic tool visualizes family structures, intergenerational relationship dynamics, health patterns, and critical life events across at least three successive generations?

  1. Ecomap (생태도)
  2. Sociogram (소시오그램)
  3. Genogram (가계도) Correct answer.
  4. Gantt chart (간트차트)

Explanation

A genogram (가계도) uses standardized genealogical symbols to map family structures, relationship bonds (close, conflicted, cut-off), biological lineage, and behavioral patterns across at least three generations.

Question 17Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

Which assessment visual tool is specifically structured to map a multi-ethnic or immigrant family's cultural background, migration history, language spoken at home, religious traditions, and cultural health beliefs?

  1. Genogram (가계도)
  2. Ecomap (생태도)
  3. Social Network Grid (사회적 관계망 그리드)
  4. Culturagram (문화도) Correct answer.

Explanation

Developed by Elaine Congress, the Culturagram (문화도) is an assessment tool designed specifically for working with culturally diverse, refugee, and immigrant families, examining 10 cultural dimensions including reasons for relocation, legal status, values regarding education and family, and health beliefs.

Question 18Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

What is the essential distinction between clinical empathy (공감) and sympathy (동정) in therapeutic social work communication?

  1. Empathy involves understanding the client's internal frame of reference and emotions while maintaining professional self-boundaries ('as if'), whereas sympathy involves feeling pity from an external vantage point Correct answer.
  2. Sympathy is a deeper, more advanced professional skill than empathy
  3. Empathy requires adopting the client's religious and cultural rituals, while sympathy does not
  4. Sympathy is an objective diagnostic assessment, whereas empathy is a subjective intervention

Explanation

Empathy (공감) is the capacity to perceive the internal emotional world of the client as if it were one's own, while maintaining the 'as-if' boundary. Sympathy (동정) entails feeling sorry or sorrowful for the client from an outside perspective, often reinforcing a power imbalance.

Question 19Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

A client states, 'My partner's excessive spending is ruining our family budget,' but the social worker observes receipts showing the client spent large sums on personal gambling. The worker gently points out this inconsistency. What interviewing technique is being utilized?

  1. Clarification (명료화)
  2. Confrontation (직면) Correct answer.
  3. Interpretation (해석)
  4. Reframing (재명명)

Explanation

Confrontation (직면) is a direct clinical technique where the worker points out discrepancies, contradictions, or double messages between what the client says and what they actually do, or between thoughts and feelings, helping the client face reality constructively.

Question 20Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

A frustrated parent describes their child's behavior as 'stubborn and rebellious.' The social worker responds, 'It sounds like your child has strong convictions and the courage to assert their independence.' What technique is demonstrated?

  1. Confrontation (직면)
  2. Silent listening (침묵)
  3. Reframing (재명명 / 재구조화) Correct answer.
  4. Universalization (보편화)

Explanation

Reframing (재명명 or 재구조화) alters the conceptual or emotional viewpoint from which a situation is experienced, placing it in a new frame that reveals hidden strengths or constructive meanings without denying the underlying facts.

Question 21Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

During the termination phase (종결단계) of casework, what is the primary clinical task of the social worker regarding the client's emotional reaction to ending the professional relationship?

  1. Abruptly ending the final meeting within five minutes to avoid emotional attachment
  2. Encouraging the client to ignore feelings of sadness and pretend the relationship continues
  3. Immediately scheduling a new long-term intervention contract without assessing goal completion
  4. Helping the client openly acknowledge and process feelings of separation and loss while consolidating achievements Correct answer.

Explanation

Termination (종결단계) triggers natural separation anxiety, grief, and ambivalence. The worker's essential tasks are: acknowledging and processing separation feelings, reviewing and consolidating goal gains, formulating relapse prevention plans, and facilitating appropriate referrals.

Question 22Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy, a client concludes 'I am a complete failure as a professional' after receiving one minor grammatical correction on an otherwise praised report. Which cognitive distortion is operating?

  1. Overgeneralization and Selective abstraction (과잉일반화 및 선택적 요약) Correct answer.
  2. Emotional reasoning (정서적 추론)
  3. Personalization (개인화)
  4. Catastrophizing (파국화)

Explanation

This demonstrates selective abstraction (focusing on a single negative detail taken out of context while ignoring the positive whole) and overgeneralization (drawing a sweeping, global negative conclusion about one's entire worth based on a single isolated event).

Question 23Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

Which social work practice model, developed by Reid and Epstein, is characterized by brief, time-limited intervention (typically 6 to 12 sessions) focusing explicitly on target problems (표적문제) mutually agreed upon with the client through structured, collaborative homework contracts?

  1. Crisis intervention model (위기개입모델)
  2. Task-centered model (과제중심모델) Correct answer.
  3. Psychodynamic casework model (심리사회적 모델)
  4. Empowerment model (역량강화모델)

Explanation

The Task-Centered Model (과제중심모델) is a structured, empirical, short-term practice framework (usually 8 to 12 sessions). The worker and client identify explicit target problems that the client wants to change, breaking them down into specific, actionable operational tasks agreed upon in formal contracts.

Question 24Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT / 해결중심단기치료), a social worker asks: 'Suppose you go to sleep tonight, and while you are sleeping, a miracle happens and the problem that brought you here is completely solved. When you wake up tomorrow morning, what is the first small clue that tells you the miracle occurred?' What type of question is this?

  1. Exception question (예외질문)
  2. Scaling question (척도질문)
  3. Coping question (대처질문)
  4. Miracle question (기적질문) Correct answer.

Explanation

This is the classic Miracle Question (기적질문) developed by Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer. It bypasses problem saturation, shifts focus toward a preferred future, and prompts clients to articulate concrete, behavioral indicators of positive change.

Question 25Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

What is the core philosophical assumption of the Empowerment Model (역량강화모델 / 권한부여모델) in social welfare practice?

  1. Clients possess inherent strengths, competencies, and capacities for growth that have been suppressed by systemic powerlessness and socio-structural barriers Correct answer.
  2. Clients are passive patients whose emotional pathology must be medically diagnosed and cured by expert clinicians
  3. Social problems stem entirely from biological genetic defects that cannot be altered
  4. Clients must surrender decision-making authority to social workers to receive welfare entitlements

Explanation

The Empowerment Model (pioneered by Barbara Solomon and Bertha Reynolds) views clients not as deficient pathologies, but as competent partners facing structural oppression and powerlessness. Practice emphasizes validating client strengths, collaborative partnership, developing critical consciousness, and accessing institutional power.

Question 26Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Salvador Minuchin's Structural Family Therapy, what term describes a pathological family boundary where personal boundaries are overly rigid, family members lack emotional closeness and communication, and individuals act as if they are completely autonomous and unconcerned with one another?

  1. Enmeshment (밀착된 경계)
  2. Disengagement (유리된 / 분리된 경계) Correct answer.
  3. Clear boundary (명확한 경계)
  4. Triangulation (삼각관계)

Explanation

In structural family therapy, disengaged boundaries (유리된 경계 or 분리된 경계) are excessively rigid. Communication across subsystems is stunted, emotional warmth is absent, and the family fails to mobilize support unless a member experiences extreme crisis.

Question 27Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Murray Bowen's Intergenerational Family Systems Theory, what is the core psychological capacity that enables an individual to balance rational intellectual functioning with emotional reactivity while maintaining self-identity within emotionally intense family relationships?

  1. Parentification (부모화)
  2. Enmeshment (밀착)
  3. Differentiation of self (자아분화) Correct answer.
  4. Splitting (분열)

Explanation

Differentiation of self (자아분화) is the cornerstone of Bowenian theory. It operates on two levels: intrapsychic (distinguishing thinking from feeling) and interpersonal (maintaining one's autonomous self-identity without being consumed by family emotional reactivity or emotional triangles).

Question 28Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Virginia Satir's Experiential Family Therapy communication model, which dysfunctional communication stance is adopted by an individual who continually acts like a computer, denying all emotional feelings of self and context while relying purely on cold, objective logic and abstract rules?

  1. Placater (회유형)
  2. Blamer (비난형)
  3. Irrelevant/Distractor (산만형)
  4. Super-reasonable/Computer (초이성형) Correct answer.

Explanation

Satir identified four defensive communication stances: The Super-reasonable/Computer (초이성형) stance respects the context but ignores both the feelings of self and others, speaking in pedantic, robotic, and emotionally detached generalities.

Question 29Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Papell and Rothman's classification of group work models, which model emphasizes citizen participation, democratic group decision-making, social responsibility, and collective social action to effect community change?

  1. Social goals model (사회적 목표 모델) Correct answer.
  2. Remedial model (치료 모델 / 교정 모델)
  3. Reciprocal model (상호작용 모델 / 상호모형)
  4. Cognitive-behavioral group model (인지행동 집단모델)

Explanation

The Social Goals Model (사회적 목표 모델), rooted in early settlement house traditions (e.g., Jane Addams), views the group as a vehicle for civic participation, collective empowerment, democratic governance, and social change addressing community problems.

Question 30Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

According to Bruce Tuckman's model of small group development, which developmental stage is characterized by conflict over leadership, member resistance to group norms, and testing of interpersonal boundaries?

  1. Forming stage (형성기 / 오리엔테이션 단계)
  2. Storming stage (갈등기 / 격동기) Correct answer.
  3. Norming stage (규범기 / 응집성 단계)
  4. Performing stage (성취기 / 작업 단계)

Explanation

The Storming stage (갈등기 or 격동기) is marked by inter-member competition, friction, struggle for autonomy and control, and testing the group leader. Successfully navigating storming establishes trust, clearer roles, and group cohesion.

Question 31Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

In Irvin Yalom's curative factors of group psychotherapy, what factor occurs when group members realize that their personal suffering, anxieties, and mistakes are not unique to them alone, but are shared universal human experiences?

  1. Altruism (이타주의)
  2. Catharsis (정화)
  3. Universality (보편성) Correct answer.
  4. Existential factors (실존적 요인)

Explanation

Universality (보편성) is the powerful therapeutic realization that one is not alone, isolated, or uniquely defective. Hearing peers share identical fears, shame, or grief dispels isolation and fosters relief.

Question 32Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

What is the primary operational risk associated with excessive group cohesiveness (집단응집력), where members prioritize consensus and mutual loyalty over critical evaluation of reality?

  1. Social loafing (사회적 태만)
  2. De-individuation (탈개인화)
  3. Bystander apathy (방관자 효과)
  4. Groupthink (집단사고) Correct answer.

Explanation

Groupthink (집단사고), identified by Irving Janis, occurs in highly cohesive, insulated groups where the desire for harmony and unanimous conformity overrides realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action, leading to flawed decision-making.

Question 33Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

Which social work service delivery methodology is specifically designed to coordinate multiple fragmented services across health, welfare, education, and housing systems to ensure continuity of care for vulnerable clients with complex multi-system needs?

  1. Case Management (사례관리) Correct answer.
  2. Psychodrama (심리극)
  3. Milieu therapy (환경치료)
  4. Transactional analysis (교류분석)

Explanation

Case Management (사례관리) is an integrated practice method coordinating assessment, planning, advocacy, linkage, monitoring, and evaluation across diverse formal and informal service systems to deliver comprehensive, tailored assistance for clients with complex, ongoing needs.

Question 34Human behavior, social-work relationships and intervention

When a social worker assists an impoverished client in filing an administrative appeal against an unlawful denial of National Basic Livelihood benefits, which professional role is the social worker executing?

  1. Broker (중개자)
  2. Advocate (옹호자 / 대변자) Correct answer.
  3. Mediator (중재자)
  4. Educator (교육자)

Explanation

As an Advocate (옹호자 or 대변자), the social worker actively champions the rights of the client, confronting institutional barriers, demanding service delivery, and taking an assertive stance on the client's behalf to ensure statutory entitlements are upheld.

Question 35Social research, measurement and program evaluation

In social work research ethics, what is the mandatory protocol that requires researchers to disclose the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits of a study and obtain voluntary participant agreement?

  1. Debriefing protocol (사후설명)
  2. Informed consent (고지된 동의 / 사전동의) Correct answer.
  3. Peer audit (동료 감사)
  4. Double-blind deception (이중맹검 기만)

Explanation

Informed consent (고지된 동의) is an indispensable ethical requirement in social welfare research. Participants must be fully informed about research aims, procedures, voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality protections, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

Question 36Social research, measurement and program evaluation

In clinical single-subject research design (단일사례연구설계), which design provides the strongest demonstration of a causal treatment effect by introducing a baseline phase (A), an intervention phase (B), withdrawing the intervention (A), and reintroducing the intervention (B)?

  1. Simple AB design (AB 설계)
  2. Multiple baseline design across subjects (대상자간 복수기초선설계)
  3. ABAB reversal design (ABAB 반전설계 / 철회설계) Correct answer.
  4. Successive intervention ABCD design (점진적 개입설계)

Explanation

The ABAB reversal design (반전설계 or 철회설계) demonstrates causal control over the target behavior by observing whether the problem behavior improves during intervention phases (B1 and B2) and returns toward baseline levels when the intervention is withdrawn (A2), ruling out historical confounds.

Question 37Social research, measurement and program evaluation

In evaluation research, which threat to internal validity occurs when clients selected into a remedial program specifically because of extremely low pre-test scores naturally score closer to the population average on post-tests regardless of intervention efficacy?

  1. Instrumentation threat (도구요인)
  2. Selection-maturation interaction (선정-성숙 상호작용)
  3. Experimental attrition (실험적 탈락)
  4. Statistical regression to the mean (통계적 회귀) Correct answer.

Explanation

Statistical regression to the mean (통계적 회귀) occurs whenever subjects are selected on the basis of extreme initial scores (extremely low or high). On subsequent re-measurement, scores naturally drift toward the mean due to measurement error, mimicking an intervention effect.

Question 38Social research, measurement and program evaluation

Which of the following research designs represents a true experimental design (순수실험설계)?

  1. Pretest-posttest control group design with random assignment (통제집단 사전사후검사설계) Correct answer.
  2. Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design (비동일 통제집단설계)
  3. One-shot case study (단일사례사후검사설계)
  4. Time-series design without control group (시계열설계)

Explanation

A true experimental design (순수실험설계) requires three essential components: 1. Manipulation of the independent variable, 2. A control comparison group, and 3. Random assignment (무작위 할당 / Randomization) of subjects to conditions, exemplified by the pretest-posttest control group design.

Question 39Social research, measurement and program evaluation

A social welfare agency implements an intervention for senior citizens at Center A and compares their outcomes to seniors at Center B who receive standard care, administering pre-tests and post-tests to both groups without random assignment. What design is this?

  1. Posttest-only control group design (통제집단 사후검사설계)
  2. Non-equivalent control group design (비동일 통제집단설계 / 유사실험설계) Correct answer.
  3. Solomon four-group design (솔로몬 4집단설계)
  4. Static-group comparison (정적집단 비교설계)

Explanation

The non-equivalent control group design (비동일 통제집단설계) is the most common quasi-experimental design in social welfare. It utilizes pre-tests and post-tests across an experimental and control group, but participants are in naturally intact groups rather than randomly assigned.

Question 40Social research, measurement and program evaluation

A social worker conducting a study on unhoused youth with substance use challenges asks each interviewed youth to introduce other peers in their social network. What sampling method is utilized?

  1. Stratified random sampling (층화표본추출)
  2. Systematic sampling (계통표본추출)
  3. Snowball sampling (눈덩이표본추출 / 누적표본추출) Correct answer.
  4. Cluster sampling (집락표본추출)

Explanation

Snowball sampling (눈덩이표본추출) is a non-probability sampling method where research subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances, uniquely effective for hidden, stigmatized, or hard-to-access populations where sampling frames do not exist.

Question 41Social research, measurement and program evaluation

Which coefficient of internal consistency is standardly computed to assess whether all questionnaire items on a multi-point scale measure a single unidimensional clinical social work construct?

  1. Spearman's rank correlation (rho)
  2. Kendall's tau
  3. Pearson's contingency coefficient
  4. Cronbach's alpha (크론바흐 알파 계수) Correct answer.

Explanation

Cronbach's alpha (크론바흐 알파) evaluates the internal consistency reliability of multi-item composite scales. In social science and social work research, values above 0.70 are generally accepted as indicating satisfactory scale reliability.

Question 42Social research, measurement and program evaluation

When assessing the construct validity (구성타당도) of a newly developed Depression Inventory for Older Adults, which evidence demonstrates convergent validity (수렴타당도)?

  1. The new depression scale exhibits a strong positive correlation with established, validated depression screening tools (such as the GDS or CES-D) Correct answer.
  2. The new depression scale exhibits a near-zero correlation with measures of cognitive processing speed
  3. Expert judges confirm that the questions look appropriate on the surface
  4. The test scores predict future life expectancy over a ten-year longitudinal period

Explanation

Convergent validity (수렴타당도) is established when scores on the new instrument correlate strongly with scores from other established instruments measuring the same theoretical construct (here, existing depression measures like the GDS).

Question 43Social research, measurement and program evaluation

In questionnaire construction for welfare recipients, which question structure should be strictly avoided because it bundles two distinct substantive topics into a single response?

  1. Contingency question (여과질문 / 선별질문)
  2. Double-barreled question (이중질문 / 복합질문) Correct answer.
  3. Open-ended exploratory prompt (개방형 질문)
  4. Matrix Likert-scale grid (행렬형 질문)

Explanation

A double-barreled question (이중질문 or 복합질문) forces respondents to provide a single answer to two separate conceptual inquiries (e.g., 'Do you find the facility clean and the staff friendly?'). If a client likes the staff but dislikes cleanliness, they cannot answer accurately.

Question 44Social research, measurement and program evaluation

In qualitative grounded theory methodology (근거이론), which coding stage involves systematically reassembling fractured data categories around a central axis category to delineate conditions, actions, and consequences?

  1. Open coding (개방코딩)
  2. Descriptive coding (서술적 코딩)
  3. Axial coding (축코딩) Correct answer.
  4. Selective coding (선택코딩)

Explanation

In Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory, axial coding (축코딩) relates categories to sub-categories along the lines of a coding paradigm (causal conditions, phenomenon, context, intervening conditions, action/interaction strategies, and consequences).

Question 45Social research, measurement and program evaluation

In social welfare program evaluation, what methodological strategy utilizes multiple data sources, multiple investigators, and both qualitative and quantitative methods to enhance the credibility and validity of findings?

  1. Positivist reductionism (실증주의적 환원주의)
  2. Counterfactual simulation (반사실적 시뮬레이션)
  3. Single-subject benchmarking (단일사례 벤치마킹)
  4. Triangulation (삼각측량법 / 다각화) Correct answer.

Explanation

Triangulation (삼각측량법 or 다각화) strengthens research rigor by combining multiple methodologies, data collection sources (e.g., surveys, interviews, administrative logs), theoretical perspectives, or investigators to cross-validate findings.

Question 46Social research, measurement and program evaluation

What is the primary difference between formative evaluation (형성평가) and summative evaluation (총괄평가) in social welfare program management?

  1. Formative evaluation occurs during program implementation to improve ongoing operations, while summative evaluation occurs after program completion to assess overall outcomes and impact Correct answer.
  2. Formative evaluation measures cost-benefit efficiency, while summative evaluation measures client satisfaction
  3. Formative evaluation is conducted exclusively by external government auditors, while summative evaluation is internal
  4. Formative evaluation requires randomized control trials, while summative evaluation relies purely on qualitative interviews

Explanation

Formative evaluation (형성평가 or 과정평가) is conducted during the development or delivery of a program to provide immediate feedback for continuous modification and quality improvement. Summative evaluation (총괄평가 or 성과평가) is conducted at the conclusion to judge overall effectiveness, impact, and decisions on continuation or expansion.

Question 47Community practice, welfare policy and Korean social-security foundations

In Jack Rothman's classic Three Models of Community Organization, which model views the community as deficient in democratic problem-solving capacities and emphasizes broad civic participation, cross-class consensus, self-help, and local community leadership development?

  1. Locality Development Model (지역사회개발모델) Correct answer.
  2. Social Planning Model (사회계획모델)
  3. Social Action Model (사회행동모델)
  4. Social Reform Model (사회개혁모델)

Explanation

Jack Rothman's Locality Development Model (지역사회개발모델) is process-oriented. It assumes that community problems can be resolved through broad civic participation, building consensus among diverse groups, self-help initiatives, and collaborative democratic problem-solving (practitioner role: Enabler and Coordinator).

Question 48Community practice, welfare policy and Korean social-security foundations

What is the primary practitioner role and orientation of Jack Rothman's Social Planning Model (사회계획모델)?

  1. Agitator and activist mobilizing civil disobedience
  2. Expert and data analyst applying technical, rational research to solve tangible social welfare problems Correct answer.
  3. Neutral mediator facilitating voluntary self-help groups
  4. Political campaign manager lobbying for constitutional amendments

Explanation

In Rothman's Social Planning Model, the practitioner acts as a technical expert, researcher, and program planner. The model is task-oriented, prioritizing rational data analysis, needs assessments, and cost-effective service allocation to address concrete social conditions.

Question 49Community practice, welfare policy and Korean social-security foundations

Which of Rothman's community intervention models operates on the premise that disadvantaged populations face systemic oppression and powerlessness, requiring confrontational conflict strategies, protests, and direct collective action to redistribute power and resources?

  1. Locality Development Model (지역사회개발모델)
  2. Functional Community Model (기능적 지역사회모델)
  3. Social Action Model (사회행동모델) Correct answer.
  4. Social Marketing Model (사회마케팅모델)

Explanation

The Social Action Model (사회행동모델), championed by Saul Alinsky, assumes deep societal injustices and power disparities. The strategy mobilizes disadvantaged groups into collective coalitions utilizing direct action, boycotts, protests, and political confrontation to compel power-holders to redistribute resources.

Question 50Community practice, welfare policy and Korean social-security foundations

In Marie Weil and Dorothy Gamble's Eight Models of Community Practice, which model specifically organizes geographically dispersed individuals who share a common identity, advocacy interest, or profession (rather than shared residential territory)?

  1. Neighborhood and Community Organizing (근린지역사회조직)
  2. Social and Economic Development (지역사회 사회·경제개발)
  3. Coalitions (연합모델)
  4. Organizing Functional Communities (기능적 지역사회조직) Correct answer.

Explanation

Organizing Functional Communities (기능적 지역사회조직) unites individuals based on shared values, identities, or functional interests (e.g., disability rights advocates, environmentalists, ethnic minority rights groups) across municipal or regional geographic boundaries.