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Question 1Legal method and sources of law

日本の法体系において、憲法・法律・政令・省令・条例が同一事項について異なる内容を定めている場合、一般的な効力の優劣関係として正しいものはどれか。

  1. 省令は専門的技術基準を含むため、法律に優先して適用される
  2. 憲法が最上位に立ち、法律、政令、省令、条例の順に効力が劣後する Correct answer.
  3. 政令と法律は国会が関与するため同位の効力をもつ
  4. 条例は地域の実情を反映するため、法律より常に優先する

Explanation

法規範の効力は上位規範が下位規範を統制する階層構造をとり、憲法を頂点として法律、政令、省令、条例の順に効力が及ぶ。下位規範が上位規範に反する場合はその限度で効力を有しない。条例が法律に反する場合も同様に法律が優先する。

Question 2Legal method and sources of law

日本国憲法第98条が定める最高法規性の内容として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 条約は憲法に優先する効力を有する
  2. 憲法に反する法律、命令、詔勅及び国務に関するその他の行為の全部又は一部は、その効力を有しない Correct answer.
  3. 憲法に反する法律は国会の再議決を経れば効力を有する
  4. 憲法の規定は法律によって改正することができる

Explanation

憲法第98条第1項は、憲法が国の最高法規であり、これに反する法律、命令、詔勅及び国務に関するその他の行為の全部又は一部は効力を有しないと定める。これにより憲法の最高法規性が実定法上保障されている。

Question 3Legal method and sources of law

法律の制定手続について、日本国憲法第59条が定める衆議院の優越に関する記述として正しいものはどれか。

  1. 参議院が法律案を否決した場合、衆議院は過半数の再可決で法律とすることができる
  2. 参議院が法律案を60日以内に議決しない場合、衆議院の議決のみで法律となる
  3. 両議院の議決が一致しない場合は内閣が最終的に決定する
  4. 参議院が衆議院の可決した法律案を否決した場合、衆議院が出席議員の3分の2以上の多数で再可決すれば法律となる Correct answer.

Explanation

憲法第59条第2項は、参議院が衆議院の可決した法律案を否決したときは、衆議院で出席議員の3分の2以上の多数で再び可決すれば法律となる旨を定める。これは衆議院の優越の一つである。

Question 4Legal method and sources of law

最高裁判所が法令を違憲と判断する権限について、日本国憲法上の根拠として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 裁判所法第3条が下級裁判所にも違憲審査権を認めている
  2. 憲法第41条が国会を唯一の立法機関と定めている
  3. 憲法第81条が最高裁判所を一切の法律、命令、規則又は処分が憲法に適合するかしないかを決定する終審裁判所と定めている Correct answer.
  4. 憲法第76条が司法権の独立を定めていることから当然に導かれる

Explanation

憲法第81条は最高裁判所を終審裁判所として違憲審査権を有することを明記している。同条は「一切の法律、命令、規則又は処分」を対象とし、付随的違憲審査制の根拠とされる。

Question 5Legal method and sources of law

法令の解釈において、文理解釈と論理解釈の関係について最も適切な説明はどれか。

  1. 文理解釈は立法者の主観的意図を探る解釈であり、論理解釈は文言のみを重視する解釈である
  2. 文理解釈は文言の通常の意味に従う解釈であり、論理解釈は立法目的や体系に照らして文言を超えた意味を導く解釈である Correct answer.
  3. 文理解釈と論理解釈は常に同一の結論を導くため区別する実益がない
  4. 論理解釈は法律の文言を無視して裁判官の価値判断のみで行う解釈である

Explanation

文理解釈は法文の用語をその通常の語義に従って理解する解釈方法であり、論理解釈は立法趣旨や法体系全体との整合性を考慮して意味内容を確定する方法である。両者は対立するものではなく、相互に補完して用いられる。

Question 6Legal method and sources of law

罪刑法定主義の内容として、刑法第31条が禁じているものはどれか。

  1. 条例で罰則を定めること
  2. 事後に制定された法令により刑罰を科すこと Correct answer.
  3. 裁判所が量刑を決定すること
  4. 法律の定めのない行政処分を行うこと

Explanation

刑法第31条は、事後に制定された法令により刑罰を科すことができないと定め、遡及処罰の禁止を明文化している。これは罪刑法定主義の派生原則の一つである。

Question 7Legal method and sources of law

信義誠実の原則について、民法第1条第2項の規定内容として正しいものはどれか。

  1. 権利の行使は自己の利益のためにのみ行うことができる
  2. 権利の行使及び義務の履行は、信義に従い誠実に行わなければならない Correct answer.
  3. 義務の履行は当事者が任意に免除することができる
  4. 権利の濫用は常に許される

Explanation

民法第1条第2項は、権利の行使及び義務の履行は信義に従い誠実に行わなければならないと定める。これは信義則として、契約解釈や権利行使の場面で広く適用される一般条項である。

Question 8Legal method and sources of law

慣習法が法源として認められるための要件について、最も適切な説明はどれか。

  1. 慣習法は成文法が存在する場合にのみ法源となる
  2. 判例が一度示されれば直ちに慣習法となる
  3. 同一の慣行が反復継続され、かつ社会一般がそれを法的規範と確信していることが必要である Correct answer.
  4. 国会が一度でも承認すれば慣習法として成立する

Explanation

慣習法が法源として認められるには、慣行の反復継続という事実的要素と、法的確信という規範的要素が必要とされる。法令に定めのない事項については民法第92条等により慣習の効力が認められる。

Question 9Legal method and sources of law

判例の拘束力について、日本の裁判制度における取扱いとして最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 最高裁判所の判例は、上級審としての事実上の拘束力をもち、下級裁判所はこれに従う運用がなされている Correct answer.
  2. 判例の変更は国会の承認を要する
  3. 最高裁判所の判例は、英米法における先例拘束性の原則と同様に法的拘束力をもつ
  4. 判例は法源として認められず、裁判所は常に自由に判断できる

Explanation

日本では英米法のような厳格な先例拘束性は採用されていないが、最高裁判所の判例は事実上の拘束力をもち、下級裁判所はこれに従う運用がなされている。最高裁自身も判例を尊重しつつ必要に応じて変更することがある。

Question 10Legal method and sources of law

法律の留保について、侵害留保説の立場から最も適切な説明はどれか。

  1. 国民の権利自由を制限する行政活動には法律の根拠が必要である Correct answer.
  2. 法律の根拠が必要なのは給付行政のみである
  3. 行政活動には法律の根拠は一切不要である
  4. すべての行政活動には法律の根拠が必要である

Explanation

侵害留保説は、国民の権利自由を制限する行政作用には法律の根拠を要するとする立場である。これに対し全部留保説はすべての行政活動に法律の根拠を要求し、社会留保説なども唱えられる。

Question 11Legal method and sources of law

委任立法について、日本国憲法第41条との関係で最も適切な説明はどれか。

  1. 国会は立法権を有するため、行政機関への立法の委任は一切認められない
  2. 委任立法は条例によってのみ認められる
  3. 委任立法は憲法第41条に明文の根拠がある
  4. 国会が立法権を有するため、行政機関への立法の委任は具体的かつ明確な委任の範囲内で例外的に認められる Correct answer.

Explanation

憲法第41条は国会を唯一の立法機関と定めるが、行政機関への立法の委任は、委任の目的や範囲が具体的かつ明確であれば例外的に許容されると解されている。明確性を欠く白紙委任は憲法違反とされる。

Question 12Legal method and sources of law

ある県が、国の法律が定める規制基準より厳しい上乗せ規制を条例で定めた。この条例の効力について最も適切な判断はどれか。

  1. 条例は自主立法権に基づくため、法律に反しても常に有効である
  2. 法律の趣旨が全国一律の規制を予定している場合を除き、法律の範囲内であれば条例による上乗せ規制は許容され得る Correct answer.
  3. 条例は法律の下位規範であるため、法律より厳しい規制は常に無効である
  4. 上乗せ規制は国の許可を得れば法律に反しても有効となる

Explanation

条例は法律の範囲内で制定することができ、法律の趣旨が全国一律の規制を予定している場合などでなければ、地域の実情に応じた上乗せ規制も許容され得る。最高裁判所は徳島市公安条例事件などで条例と法律の趣旨との整合性を重視してきた。

Question 13Legal method and sources of law

最高裁判所の判例を変更する場合の手続として、裁判所法第10条第3号が定める要件はどれか。

  1. 最高裁判所の判例を変更するには、裁判官の過半数の同意を要する
  2. 最高裁判所の判例を変更するには、国会の承認を要する
  3. 最高裁判所の判例を変更するには、裁判官の全員一致による判断を要する Correct answer.
  4. 最高裁判所の判例を変更するには、大法廷ではなく小法廷で足りる

Explanation

裁判所法第10条第3号は、憲法その他の法令の解釈適用について最高裁判所の判例を変更する場合には、裁判官の全員一致によることを要すると定める。これは判例の安定性を確保する趣旨である。

Question 14Legal method and sources of law

法律の遡及効について、一般的な原則として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 法律の遡及適用は国会の決議があれば常に許される
  2. 法律は原則として将来に向かって効力を生じ、遡及適用は国民の既得権を害する場合などに制限される Correct answer.
  3. 法律の遡及適用は憲法第39条によりすべて禁止されている
  4. 法律は制定と同時に過去に遡って当然に適用される

Explanation

法律は原則として公布の日から将来に向かって効力を生じ、遡及適用は既得権の侵害や法的安定性の観点から制限される。ただし、手続規定など遡及適用が許容される場合もある。

Question 15Legal method and sources of law

信義則の適用により権利行使が制限される場面として、最も適切な例はどれか。

  1. 契約書に定められた履行期日に義務を履行すること
  2. 長期間権利を行使せず相手方に権利不行使の信頼を生じさせた後、突如として権利を行使すること Correct answer.
  3. 相手方の同意を得て契約を解除すること
  4. 法律に定められた消滅時効を援用すること

Explanation

信義則は、相手方に正当な信頼を生じさせた後にこれと矛盾する行動をとることを禁じる。長期間権利を行使せず相手方が不行使を信頼した後に権利行使することは、禁反言の法理により制限され得る。

Question 16Legal method and sources of law

憲法第81条に基づく違憲審査について、付随的違憲審査制の特徴として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 法令の憲法適合性を抽象的に事前審査する
  2. 具体的な事件の解決に必要な限度で法令の憲法適合性を審査する Correct answer.
  3. 行政機関が法令の合憲性を第一次的に判断する
  4. 国会の依頼に応じて法令の合憲性を判断する

Explanation

日本では、具体的な事件の解決に必要な限度で法令の憲法適合性を審査する付随的違憲審査制が採用されていると解されている。抽象的な規範統制は行われず、憲法裁判所のような機関も置かれていない。

Question 17Legal method and sources of law

法律の公布について、日本国憲法上の位置づけとして正しいものはどれか。

  1. 公布は法律の成立後に天皇が行う国事行為であり、公布により法律は国民に告知される Correct answer.
  2. 公布は内閣総理大臣が行う
  3. 公布は法律の成立要件ではなく、公布がなくても法律は効力を生じる
  4. 公布は衆議院議長が行う

Explanation

憲法第7条第1号は天皇の国事行為として法律の公布を定めており、公布は成立した法律を国民に告知する行為である。公布により法律は効力を生じ、施行期日から適用される。

Question 18Legal method and sources of law

条例と法律の関係について、地方自治法第14条が定める条例制定権の限界として最も適切なものはどれか。

  1. 条例は国の許可を得た場合に限り制定できる
  2. 条例は法律が明確に委任した事項についてのみ制定できる
  3. 条例は法令に違反しても制定することができる
  4. 条例は法令に違反しない限りにおいて制定することができる Correct answer.

Explanation

地方自治法第14条第1項は、普通地方公共団体は法令に違反しない限りにおいて条例を制定することができると定める。条例は法律の範囲内で地域の実情に応じた規範を定めるものである。

Question 19Legal method and sources of law

民法典における一般条項の機能について、最も適切な説明はどれか。

  1. 一般条項は憲法にのみ存在する規定である
  2. 一般条項は裁判官の裁量を一切排除する
  3. 一般条項は立法府が行政機関に委任する規定である
  4. 一般条項は具体的な事実に即して裁判官が価値判断を加えることを可能にし、法の硬直性を緩和する Correct answer.

Explanation

信義則や公序良俗のような一般条項は、抽象的・概括的な文言を用いることで、裁判官が具体的な事実関係に即して価値判断を加えることを可能にする。これにより法の硬直性が緩和され、社会の変化に対応できる。

Question 20Legal method and sources of law

条約の国内的効力について、日本国憲法第98条第2項の定めとして正しいものはどれか。

  1. 日本国が締結した条約及び確立された国際法規は、これを誠実に遵守することを必要とする Correct answer.
  2. 条約は国会の承認を要せずに締結できる
  3. 条約は国内法としての効力を一切有しない
  4. 条約は憲法に優先する効力を有する

Explanation

憲法第98条第2項は、日本国が締結した条約及び確立された国際法規を誠実に遵守することを定める。条約は国内において法的効力をもつと解され、その憲法との関係については議論があるが、憲法が最高法規である点は変わらない。

Question 21Constitutional and administrative law

Under the German Basic Law (Grundgesetz), which institution may declare a political party unconstitutional?

  1. The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) Correct answer.
  2. The Federal President by decree
  3. The Bundestag by a two-thirds majority
  4. The Federal Ministry of the Interior

Explanation

Article 21(2) GG reserves the party-ban power to the Federal Constitutional Court; only that court may rule a party unconstitutional. Parliament, the interior ministry and the president have no such competence, which protects political pluralism from majoritarian suppression.

Question 22Constitutional and administrative law

The principle of Gesetzesvorbehalt (statutory reservation) in German constitutional law means that

  1. courts may review statutes only for formal defects
  2. administrative action interfering with fundamental rights requires a statutory basis Correct answer.
  3. the executive may legislate whenever parliament is dissolved
  4. all statutes must be approved by referendum

Explanation

The statutory reservation requires that encroachments on fundamental rights be authorised by a formal parliamentary statute or a lawful delegation. It channels executive interference through the legislature and is a core element of the rule of law (Rechtsstaatsprinzip).

Question 23Constitutional and administrative law

Which body exercises the German Basic Law's emergency legislative powers when the Bundestag is dissolved and cannot reconvene in time?

  1. The Bundesrat alone
  2. The Federal Cabinet
  3. The Conference of Minister-Presidents
  4. The Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Ausschuss) Correct answer.

Explanation

Articles 53a and 115a GG create the Joint Committee, composed of members of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat, to act as an emergency parliament during a state of defence. It may exercise limited legislative powers but cannot amend or suspend the Basic Law.

Question 24Constitutional and administrative law

In German constitutional doctrine, the Wesensgehalt guarantee under Article 19(2) GG protects

  1. the essential content of statutes against administrative amendment
  2. the budgetary core of the Länder against federal encroachment
  3. the minimum membership of parliamentary committees
  4. the core substance of a fundamental right against any legislative limitation Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 19(2) GG provides that no statute may limit a fundamental right in its essential content. The guarantee is absolute and is applied by the Federal Constitutional Court to prevent limitations that hollow out the right entirely.

Question 25Constitutional and administrative law

A German statute authorises a licensing authority to impose conditions on demonstrations without specifying any criteria. Which constitutional problem is most directly raised?

  1. Violation of the requirement of determinacy (Bestimmtheitsgebot) and proportionality Correct answer.
  2. Violation of the Länder's right to cultural self-administration
  3. Violation of the judicial monopoly on criminal sentencing
  4. Violation of the federal budget principle of annuality

Explanation

An open-ended authorisation to restrict assembly rights offends the determinacy requirement flowing from the rule of law and the statutory reservation, and any resulting restriction must also satisfy proportionality. The other options concern unrelated constitutional structures.

Question 26Constitutional and administrative law

Under the German Basic Law, the Bundestag's right to question the government is constitutionally grounded in

  1. the Federal President's power to dissolve the Bundestag at will
  2. the parliamentary responsibility of the Federal Chancellor and the principle of democracy Correct answer.
  3. the Chancellor's individual prerogative to summon ministers
  4. the Bundesrat's veto over government appointments

Explanation

Article 20(2) GG establishes democracy and Article 67 GG the constructive vote of no confidence, from which the Bundestag's interrogative and control rights derive. The parliamentary control of the executive is a structural element of the democratic principle.

Question 27Constitutional and administrative law

Which of the following best states the effect of the German Basic Law's eternity clause (Ewigkeitsklausel)?

  1. All constitutional amendments require a two-thirds majority in both chambers
  2. Article 79(3) GG immunises the federal structure and human dignity from constitutional amendment Correct answer.
  3. The Federal Constitutional Court may amend the Basic Law by judgment
  4. Constitutional amendments may be adopted by a simple majority during a state of emergency

Explanation

Article 79(3) GG prohibits amendments affecting the division of the Federation into Länder, their participation in legislation, and the principles of Articles 1 and 20 GG. This entrenches human dignity and the federal, democratic and social state structure permanently.

Question 28Constitutional and administrative law

The German Federal Constitutional Court's Lüth doctrine (BVerfGE 7, 198) established that fundamental rights

  1. radiate into private law through the general clauses of the civil code Correct answer.
  2. bind the legislature only, not the courts
  3. apply only against the state and never to private relationships
  4. may be restricted by private contract without judicial review

Explanation

In Lüth the Court held that fundamental rights have an objective dimension that influences the interpretation of civil-law general clauses, producing indirect horizontal effect. The decision rejected the view that rights operate solely against the state.

Question 29Constitutional and administrative law

A federal German ministry issues an ordinance restricting the use of a public square for demonstrations without any statutory authorisation. What is the strongest constitutional objection?

  1. The ordinance lacks the statutory basis required by the statutory reservation Correct answer.
  2. The ordinance improperly delegates judicial power to the ministry
  3. The ordinance violates the Länder's competence over public squares
  4. The ordinance exceeds the federal budget ceiling

Explanation

Restrictions on the freedom of assembly under Article 8 GG require a statutory basis and, if delegated, an authorising statute specifying content, purpose and scope under Article 80 GG. A free-standing ministerial ordinance fails the statutory reservation.

Question 30Constitutional and administrative law

In German administrative law, the principle of Verhältnismäßigkeit requires that an administrative measure be

  1. approved by the supervisory authority in advance
  2. suitable, necessary and proportionate in the narrow sense Correct answer.
  3. reviewed by a court before it takes effect
  4. formally valid, published and stamped

Explanation

Proportionality analysis proceeds in three stages: suitability (Geeignetheit), necessity (Erforderlichkeit) and appropriateness in the narrow sense (Angemessenheit). It is a substantive limit on both legislation and administrative action derived from the rule of law.

Question 31Constitutional and administrative law

Which German constitutional principle requires that public administration be bound by statute and law?

  1. Sozialstaatsprinzip
  2. Gesetzmäßigkeit der Verwaltung Correct answer.
  3. Bundestreue
  4. Rückwirkungsverbot

Explanation

The legality of administration (Gesetzmäßigkeit der Verwaltung) comprises the primacy of statute and the statutory reservation, requiring that administration act under and within the law. It follows from Article 20(3) GG binding the executive to statute and justice.

Question 32Constitutional and administrative law

A German administrative authority withdraws an unlawful beneficial administrative act that has already become final. Which statutory framework governs the withdrawal?

  1. Section 43 of the Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG)
  2. Section 44 of the Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG)
  3. Section 48 of the Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG) Correct answer.
  4. Section 49 of the Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG)

Explanation

Section 48 VwVfG governs the withdrawal (Rücknahme) of unlawful administrative acts, including the protection of reliance interests and time limits. Section 49 addresses revocation of lawful acts, while Sections 43 and 44 deal with effectiveness and nullity.

Question 33Constitutional and administrative law

An administrative act in Germany is void under Section 44 VwVfG in which situation?

  1. It is affected by a particularly grave error and is evident to a reasonable observer Correct answer.
  2. It was based on a policy that later changed
  3. It was issued by an official who lacked courtesy
  4. It was not accompanied by a legal-remedy notice

Explanation

Section 44(1) VwVfG provides that an administrative act is void if it is affected by a particularly grave error and this is evident to a reasonable observer. Section 44(2) lists absolute grounds of nullity, such as lack of jurisdiction or impossibility of performance.

Question 34Constitutional and administrative law

In German administrative procedure, the Anhörungspflicht (duty to hear) under Section 28 VwVfG requires that

  1. the affected party be given an opportunity to comment before an adverse act is issued Correct answer.
  2. the matter be referred to a court before any decision
  3. the authority publish the draft act in the official gazette
  4. the supervisory authority approve the act in writing

Explanation

Section 28(1) VwVfG requires the authority to give the parties an opportunity to be heard on the facts relevant to the decision before an administrative act affecting their rights is issued. Failure to hear may be cured under Section 45 VwVfG in certain cases.

Question 35Constitutional and administrative law

Which remedy in German administrative law challenges the legality of an administrative act before the administrative court?

  1. Leistungsklage
  2. Feststellungsklage
  3. Anfechtungsklage Correct answer.
  4. Verpflichtungsklage

Explanation

The Anfechtungsklage under Section 42(1) VwGO seeks the annulment of an administrative act and is the standard challenge to its legality. The Verpflichtungsklage seeks the issuance of a refused act, while the Feststellungsklage seeks a declaration and the Leistungsklage seeks performance.

Question 36Constitutional and administrative law

A German administrative authority refuses a permit. The applicant believes she has a statutory entitlement and wishes to obtain the permit through court. Which action is correct?

  1. Anfechtungsklage
  2. Widerspruch against the statute
  3. Normenkontrollantrag
  4. Verpflichtungsklage Correct answer.

Explanation

Where the applicant seeks the issuance of a refused administrative act, the Verpflichtungsklage under Section 42(1) VwGO is the proper remedy. An Anfechtungsklage would only annul the refusal without compelling the authority to grant the permit.

Question 37Constitutional and administrative law

In German administrative court procedure, the principle of Amtsermittlung means that

  1. the court is bound by the parties' agreed facts
  2. the parties must present all evidence at the first hearing
  3. the court investigates the facts of its own motion Correct answer.
  4. the public prosecutor gathers evidence in administrative cases

Explanation

Section 86(1) VwGO embodies the inquisitorial principle, obliging the administrative court to establish the facts ex officio. This differs from the party-driven presentation model of ordinary civil litigation.

Question 38Constitutional and administrative law

A German statute provides for immediate enforcement (sofortige Vollziehung) of an administrative act. What is the principal legal consequence?

  1. The administrative court loses jurisdiction
  2. The act becomes final and unchallengeable
  3. The applicant must pay a security deposit before objecting
  4. An objection or action does not automatically suspend enforcement Correct answer.

Explanation

Under Section 80(2) VwGO the authority may order immediate enforcement, which removes the suspensive effect that an objection or Anfechtungsklage would otherwise have. The act remains challengeable, and the court may restore suspensive effect on application.

Question 39Constitutional and administrative law

Which German constitutional provision guarantees the right to be heard before a court (rechtliches Gehör)?

  1. Article 97(1) GG
  2. Article 19(4) GG
  3. Article 101(1) GG
  4. Article 103(1) GG Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 103(1) GG guarantees that everyone is entitled to a hearing in accordance with the law before a court. Article 101 concerns the prohibition of extraordinary courts, Article 97 judicial independence, and Article 19(4) access to legal remedies.

Question 40Constitutional and administrative law

The German Federal Constitutional Court's Wesentlichkeitstheorie (theory of essentialness) holds that

  1. the Constitutional Court decides which matters are essential
  2. only the Länder may legislate on essential matters
  3. the executive may regulate essential matters by ordinance
  4. parliament must itself decide all matters essential to fundamental rights Correct answer.

Explanation

The Wesentlichkeitstheorie, developed in the Constitutional Court's case law, requires the legislature to make the essential decisions itself, particularly where fundamental rights are affected. It tightens the statutory reservation and limits delegation to the executive.

Question 41Constitutional and administrative law

In German constitutional law, the Bundesrat's consent is required for which category of federal statutes?

  1. All federal statutes without exception
  2. Statutes expressly listed as requiring consent and those affecting essential Länder interests Correct answer.
  3. Only statutes concerning the federal budget
  4. Only statutes amending the Basic Law

Explanation

The Basic Law distinguishes between consent statutes (Zustimmungsgesetze), which require Bundesrat approval, and objection statutes (Einspruchsgesetze), where the Bundesrat may only object. Consent is required where the Basic Law so provides or where Länder administration and finances are essentially affected.

Question 42Constitutional and administrative law

A German administrative authority bases a decision on a statute that the Federal Constitutional Court later declares unconstitutional. What is the general legal position of the decision?

  1. The decision lacks a valid legal basis and may be challenged, subject to finality rules Correct answer.
  2. The decision becomes void automatically without any further step
  3. The decision remains valid because it was lawful when issued
  4. The decision must be referred to the Bundesrat for confirmation

Explanation

A statute declared unconstitutional by the Federal Constitutional Court is generally void, so an administrative act resting on it lacks a valid basis and may be challenged. Finality and reliance rules may limit retrospective effects, so the position is not automatic annulment.

Question 43Constitutional and administrative law

Which German constitutional principle limits retroactive legislation that burdens citizens?

  1. Rückwirkungsverbot Correct answer.
  2. Bestimmtheitsgebot
  3. Gewaltenteilungsgrundsatz
  4. Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz

Explanation

The prohibition of retroactivity (Rückwirkungsverbot), derived from the rule of law and Article 103(2) GG in criminal matters, limits burdensome retroactive norms. The other principles are related but distinct: determinacy, proportionality and separation of powers.

Question 44Constitutional and administrative law

In German constitutional law, the Grundrechtsbindung of the state under Article 1(3) GG means that fundamental rights bind

  1. only the executive when issuing administrative acts
  2. the legislature, the executive and the judiciary directly Correct answer.
  3. only the legislature when enacting statutes
  4. private parties directly in all civil relationships

Explanation

Article 1(3) GG declares that the fundamental rights bind the legislature, the executive and the judiciary as directly applicable law. This direct binding of all three branches is a foundational feature of the Basic Law's rights architecture.

Question 45Civil law (obligations, property, family, succession)

Under the Danish Sale of Goods Act, when does the risk of accidental loss of specific goods normally pass to the buyer?

  1. When the seller issues an invoice
  2. When the contract is concluded, regardless of delivery
  3. When payment is received in full
  4. When the goods are delivered into the buyer's control Correct answer.

Explanation

The Sale of Goods Act ties the passing of risk to delivery: the buyer bears the risk once the goods have come into the buyer's control or possession. Conclusion of the contract, invoicing and payment are not the operative events for risk.

Question 46Civil law (obligations, property, family, succession)

A consumer buys a washing machine that develops a fault within the first year. Under Danish consumer sales law, what is the primary remedy the buyer may demand?

  1. Only rescission of the contract
  2. Damages for lost profits
  3. Repair or replacement Correct answer.
  4. Only a price reduction

Explanation

Consumer sales law gives the buyer a primary right to have the defect remedied, meaning repair or replacement, before secondary remedies such as price reduction or rescission become available. Damages are subsidiary and subject to the buyer's actual loss.

Question 47Civil law (obligations, property, family, succession)

Two parties orally agree that one will sell a plot of land to the other, and the buyer pays a deposit. What is the position under Danish formalities rules for land transfer?

  1. The oral agreement is fully valid and enforceable
  2. The agreement is binding as a contract but does not transfer ownership Correct answer.
  3. The deposit makes the oral agreement equivalent to a registered deed
  4. The sale is void and the deposit must be returned by operation of law

Explanation

Danish law requires a written, registered deed for the transfer of ownership in land, but an oral agreement can still create contractual obligations between the parties. Ownership passes only upon registration of the deed. The deposit is a contractual matter, not a substitute for the deed.

Question 48Civil law (obligations, property, family, succession)

A tenant has rented an apartment for several years. The landlord now wants to terminate the lease to let the apartment to a family member. Which statement best reflects Danish residential tenancy law?

  1. The landlord may terminate freely because ownership includes the right to choose tenants
  2. A family member's need always justifies immediate termination without notice
  3. Termination requires a statutory ground and the tenant may object to the housing tribunal Correct answer.
  4. Termination is valid if the landlord gives one month's notice in writing

Explanation

Residential tenants enjoy strong protection: the landlord must invoke a recognised statutory ground for termination, and the tenant can challenge the notice before the rent tribunal. Ownership alone does not confer an unrestricted right to terminate.

Question 49Civil law (obligations, property, family, succession)

A spouse dies intestate leaving a surviving spouse and two children. Under the Danish Succession Act, how is the estate distributed?

  1. The estate is divided equally between the spouse and the children per stirpes Correct answer.
  2. The spouse takes one third and each child one third
  3. The children take everything and the spouse takes nothing
  4. The spouse takes everything and the children receive nothing

Explanation

On intestacy the estate is divided into equal shares among the spouse and the children, with children taking per stirpes. The surviving spouse therefore receives a share alongside the children rather than the whole estate.

Question 50Civil law (obligations, property, family, succession)

A testator wants to leave his estate to his partner but has children from a previous marriage. Which statement about forced heirship (tvangsarv) in Danish law is correct?

  1. Children have no claim if a valid will exists
  2. Only a surviving spouse has a forced share
  3. A will can disinherit children entirely if it is notarised
  4. Children are entitled to a forced share that the will cannot override Correct answer.

Explanation

Danish succession law reserves a forced share (tvangsarv) for the testator's descendants, which limits testamentary freedom. A will that purports to exclude the children entirely from that share will not be upheld to that extent.