SAASS Police Academy Exam cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; compound subjects joined by 'and' take a plural verb, but 'and' joining one idea (bread and butter) stays singular.

Neither/nor and either/or agree with the nearer subject: 'Neither the constables nor the inspector was present.'

Direct to indirect speech: present tense becomes past, 'this' becomes 'that', 'today' becomes 'that day', 'tomorrow' becomes 'the next day'.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; keep tense unchanged.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for unique or already specified nouns.

Prepositions of time: 'in' for months/years, 'on' for days/dates, 'at' for clock times and night/noon.

Common confusables: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (chief) vs principle (rule); stationary (still) vs stationery (paper).

Antonym and synonym items are usually solved by substituting each option into the sentence and testing whether the meaning stays coherent.

Constitutional bodies: Election Commission, UPSC, CAG, Finance Commission; bodies like NHRC and CVC are statutory, not constitutional.

Fundamental Rights sit in Part III (Articles 12-35); Directive Principles in Part IV (Articles 36-51); Fundamental Duties in Article 51A.

Indian police are a State subject under Entry 2, List II (Seventh Schedule); central agencies such as CBI and NIA derive powers from specific Acts.

FIR provisions appear in Section 173 of the BNSS 2023 (formerly Section 154 CrPC); zero FIR can be filed at any police station.

National emergency is Article 352, President's rule Article 356, financial emergency Article 360.

First in Indian policing: first woman IPS officer Kiran Bedi; National Police Academy at Hyderabad; BPR&D is the research wing.

Current affairs questions favour appointments, schemes, summits, sports champions and awards; note the year attached to each fact.

United Nations founded 1945, HQ New York; India is a founding member and a leading troop contributor to UN peacekeeping.

Percentage change = (new - old)/old x 100; successive changes of a% and b% give net a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P x R x T/100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)^T - P, compounded annually.

Speed = distance/time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18; m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.

Average = sum of values/number of values; if each value rises by k, the average rises by k.

Profit% = (SP - CP)/CP x 100; discount% = (MP - SP)/MP x 100.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide a total in ratio m:n as total x m/(m+n) and total x n/(m+n).

Time and work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days.

Permutation counts arrangements (order matters, nPr); combination counts selections (order ignored, nCr = nPr/r!).

Syllogism: 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'; a particular negative conclusion cannot follow from two universal affirmatives.

Contrapositive is always valid: 'All A are B' is equivalent to 'All non-B are non-A'.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender marks; 'brother of my father' is uncle, 'son of my mother's brother' is cousin.

Direction sense: track net displacement with north-south and east-west components; use Pythagoras for shortest distance.

Coding-decoding: check letter shifts (+1, -1, +2), reversal, or position-value sums before assuming a pattern.

Series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating patterns; two interleaved series are common.

Seating arrangement: fix the most constrained person first, then place others relative to that anchor; 'facing north' reverses left and right.

Statement-assumption: a valid assumption is necessary for the statement to make sense, not merely a likely consequence of it.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB, 1 TB = 1024 GB.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile; cache is fastest, then RAM, then SSD/HDD.

OSI has 7 layers (Physical to Application); TCP/IP model has 4; IP works at the network layer, TCP and UDP at transport.

HTTP default port 80, HTTPS 443, FTP 21, SMTP 25, DNS 53.

IPv4 is 32-bit; IPv6 is 128-bit; a MAC address is 48-bit and written as six hexadecimal pairs.

Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, biometric sensor; output devices: monitor, printer, plotter, speaker.

A virus attaches to files and needs a host; a worm self-replicates across networks; a Trojan disguises itself as legitimate software.

Firewall filters network traffic by rules; phishing is a social-engineering attack that harvests credentials via fake messages.

Indian Constitution: 395 original articles, 22 parts, 8 schedules; now about 470 articles, 25 parts and 12 schedules after amendments.

Article 21 guarantees life and personal liberty; Article 22 safeguards against arbitrary arrest, including production before a magistrate within 24 hours.

Section 35 BNSS 2023 (formerly Section 41D CrPC) entitles an arrested person to meet a legal practitioner during interrogation.

D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) laid down custodial-safety safeguards; Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014) restricts automatic arrest in offences punishable up to 7 years.

Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006) mandated police reforms: State Security Commission, fixed tenure for DGP, separation of investigation from law and order.

Burden of proof in criminal trials lies on the prosecution; the standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt, while civil cases use preponderance of probabilities.

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 replaced the IPC, BNSS replaced the CrPC, and BSA replaced the Indian Evidence Act, all effective 1 July 2024.

Anticipatory bail is Section 482 BNSS (formerly Section 438 CrPC); it is granted by the Sessions Court or High Court before arrest.

BMI = weight in kg/(height in m)^2; WHO adult categories: under 18.5, normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25-29.9, obese 30 and above.

Target heart rate for moderate exercise is roughly 50-70% of maximum heart rate, where maximum HR is about 220 minus age.

Aerobic activity builds endurance; resistance training builds strength; flexibility work (stretching) supports range of motion.

Newton's three laws: inertia, F = ma, and equal and opposite reaction; work = force x distance; power = work/time.

Ohm's law: V = IR; electric power P = VI = I^2R = V^2/R.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light gives C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts using chlorophyll.

Blood groups follow ABO and Rh systems; O negative is the universal donor and AB positive the universal recipient for red cells.

pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.