SAASS Police Academy Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-verb agreement

A verb agrees with its subject in number and person. Singular subjects take singular verbs; subjects joined by 'and' take plural verbs unless they express one idea.

Active to passive voice

The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus past participle, and the original subject follows 'by' or is dropped. Tense is preserved.

Direct to indirect speech

Reported speech shifts tense one step back, changes pronouns to match the reporter, and replaces words like 'today' with 'that day' and 'tomorrow' with 'the next day'.

Homophones affect and effect

'Affect' is usually a verb meaning to influence. 'Effect' is usually a noun meaning a result. Confusing them is a common error in comprehension and precis questions.

Fundamental Rights location

Fundamental Rights are in Part III of the Indian Constitution, Articles 12 to 35. Directive Principles occupy Part IV, Articles 36 to 51.

Article 352 national emergency

Article 352 allows the President to proclaim a national emergency on grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion, subject to Cabinet advice and parliamentary approval.

Constitutional versus statutory bodies

Constitutional bodies such as the Election Commission, UPSC, CAG and Finance Commission are created by the Constitution. NHRC and CVC are statutory, created by ordinary laws.

Zero FIR

A zero FIR is registered at any police station regardless of jurisdiction and later transferred to the station having territorial jurisdiction. It prevents delay in serious offences.

Successive percentage change

Two successive changes of a% and b% produce a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent. A rise then an equal fall always yields a net decrease.

Compound interest formula

Compound interest equals P(1 + R/100)^T - P when compounded annually. For half-yearly compounding, halve the rate and double the time periods.

Speed unit conversion

To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second, multiply by 5/18. To convert metres per second to kilometres per hour, multiply by 18/5.

Time and work together

If A alone finishes work in x days and B in y days, working together they finish in xy/(x+y) days. The combined one-day rate is 1/x plus 1/y.

Profit and discount percent

Profit percent equals (SP - CP)/CP times 100. Discount percent equals (MP - SP)/MP times 100. Selling price equals marked price minus discount.

Syllogism universal rule

Two universal affirmative premises yield a universal affirmative conclusion: All A are B and All B are C gives All A are C. Particular conclusions need particular premises.

Contrapositive validity

The contrapositive of a statement is logically equivalent to it. 'All A are B' is the same as 'All non-B are non-A' and is always a valid inference.

Direction sense shortest path

Track displacement separately along north-south and east-west axes. The shortest distance from start to finish is the square root of the sum of squared components.

Facing north left-right

When a person faces north, left is west and right is east. When facing south, left is east and right is west. Facing direction reverses left and right.

Valid statement assumption

An assumption is valid only if the statement cannot make sense without it. A likely consequence or extra benefit is not an assumption and should be rejected.

Memory unit conversions

One byte equals 8 bits. One kilobyte equals 1024 bytes, one megabyte equals 1024 kilobytes, one gigabyte equals 1024 megabytes and one terabyte equals 1024 gigabytes.

RAM versus ROM

RAM is volatile working memory that loses data on power-off. ROM is non-volatile and retains firmware permanently. Cache is faster than RAM, which is faster than disk.

Common network ports

HTTP uses port 80, HTTPS uses 443, FTP uses 21, SMTP uses 25 and DNS uses 53. Port numbers identify services on a host.

Virus worm Trojan difference

A virus attaches to files and needs a host to spread. A worm self-replicates across networks. A Trojan disguises itself as legitimate software to trick users.

Article 22 arrest safeguards

Article 22 requires an arrested person to be informed of the grounds of arrest and produced before a magistrate within 24 hours, excluding travel time.

Prakash Singh police reforms

Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006) directed states to constitute a State Security Commission, ensure fixed DGP tenure and separate investigation from law and order.

D.K. Basu custodial safeguards

D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) required arrest memos, intimation to family, medical examination, and entry of arrest details in a register.

New criminal law codes 2024

From 1 July 2024, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita replaced the IPC, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita replaced the CrPC, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam replaced the Evidence Act.

Anticipatory bail provision

Anticipatory bail is now Section 482 of the BNSS 2023, formerly Section 438 CrPC. The Sessions Court or High Court may grant it before arrest.

Body mass index formula

BMI equals weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. WHO categories are under 18.5, normal 18.5 to 24.9, overweight 25 to 29.9 and obese 30 or above.

Maximum heart rate estimate

Estimated maximum heart rate is 220 minus age in years. Moderate exercise targets roughly 50 to 70 percent of that value, useful for training intensity checks.

Ohm's law and power

Ohm's law states V equals IR. Electric power equals VI, equivalently I squared R or V squared divided by R, with V in volts and I in amperes.

Photosynthesis equation

Six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules, using light energy and chlorophyll in chloroplasts, yield one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.

Universal blood donors

In the ABO and Rh systems, O negative red cells are the universal donor and AB positive is the universal recipient. Plasma compatibility follows the reverse pattern.