Forensic Expert Qualification Exam (Kazakhstan) flashcards

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Forensic expert activity

Activity based on special scientific knowledge carried out by an expert on the instruction of the body conducting the proceedings and formalized in a conclusion that serves as a source of evidence.

Expert conclusion

A written document containing the research conducted, the methods used, and the answers to the questions posed; it is evidence evaluated by the court together with other materials.

Special knowledge

Knowledge outside the scope of legal knowledge, in science, technology, art or craft, which the expert possesses and applies to the study of the submitted objects.

Repeat examination

An examination appointed when doubts arise as to the correctness of an earlier conclusion; it is entrusted to another expert or commission and resolves the same questions.

Additional examination

An examination appointed when an earlier conclusion is insufficiently clear or complete; it may be conducted by the same expert and supplements the existing conclusion.

Grounds for expert recusal

Personal interest in the case, prior participation in another procedural capacity, kinship with a party, or lack of competence; the recusal is decided by the appointing body.

Sample for comparative research

Material obtained by a reasoned decision from a person, corpse, animal or object, used for comparison; taking it must not degrade health or dignity.

Commission examination

An examination conducted by at least two experts of the same or different specialties; each signs the conclusion, and a dissenting expert gives a separate conclusion.

Comprehensive examination

An examination in which experts of different specialties jointly resolve a common question; each signs the part of the conclusion reflecting his own research.

Categorical conclusion

A conclusion stating the presence or absence of an identified fact with certainty (positive or negative), as opposed to a probable conclusion (NST).

Comparative study

A stage of examination in which the object under study, a comparable sample and the method of comparison are used to establish coincidences and differences in properties.

Expert secrecy

The obligation not to disclose information that became known in connection with the examination, including the materials of the case and the results of the research.

Knowingly false conclusion

A conclusion given by an expert contrary to the results of the research and his internal conviction; it entails criminal liability under the law.

Expert's internal conviction

The expert's own assessment of the research results, which must be based on the conducted study and not on data not verified in the examination.

Papillary pattern types

Loop, whorl and arch patterns of fingerprints; the type is determined by the presence and number of deltas, with loops being the most common.

Trace formation mechanism

The process by which the external structure of a trace-forming object is reflected on a trace-receiving surface, classified as static or dynamic, local or peripheral.

Handwriting identifying features

Features reflecting the degree of development, structure and coordination of movements of the writer, used to establish the executor of a handwritten text.

Erasure detection

Detection of mechanical removal of text by disturbance of the paper surface, residual strokes and changes in the background, as distinct from chemical etching.

Grave harm to health

Harm dangerous to life or causing loss of vision, speech, hearing, an organ, mental disorder, or significant permanent loss of general working capacity.

Cadaveric spots

Post-mortem accumulation of blood in the lower parts of the body, appearing 1.5–2 hours after death and used to determine the time of death.

Rigor mortis

Post-mortem stiffening of the muscles developing 2–4 hours after death and resolving within 2–3 days; its dynamics help establish the time of death.

DNA identification

A biological method establishing an individual genetic profile from traces of blood, semen, saliva or hair, requiring a comparative sample and having high discriminating ability.

Braking distance formula

S = v²/(2·g·φ), where v is the speed in m/s, g = 9.81 m/s², and φ is the coefficient of adhesion of the tires to the road.

Fire source determination

Establishing the hearth of a fire by the zone of greatest thermal damage, the depth of charring, the direction of cracks and the presence of a hearth.

Write-blocker

A device preventing modification of a storage medium during computer-technical examination, used together with hashing to preserve the integrity of digital evidence.

Construction-technical examination

An examination establishing compliance of buildings with design documentation and norms, the causes of deformation, the quality and volume of work, and restoration cost.

Accounting examination

An examination establishing the correctness of accounting and reporting, the reflection of business transactions, and the presence of shortages or surpluses.

Tax examination

An examination establishing the correctness of calculation and payment of taxes, the presence of arrears or overpayment, and compliance of accounting with tax legislation.

Counter-verification

A method of economic examination comparing documents of the audited entity with documents of counterparties to establish the reality of a business transaction.

Forensic psychiatric examination

An examination conducted by a commission of psychiatrists that resolves questions of sanity, legal capacity and the ability to give evidence, formalized in an act.

Forensic linguistic examination

An examination establishing the semantic content and communicative orientation of a text, including signs of calls, threats, insults or extremism.

Forensic art history examination

An examination establishing the authorship, time and place of creation, value and authenticity of works of art using attribution and technical-technological methods.