Pharmaceutical Worker Certification Assessment (Kazakhstan) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

State registration of medicines

Mandatory authorization before a medicine may be sold in Kazakhstan; the product is entered in the State Register, and unregistered use is limited to defined exceptions such as clinical trials or named-patient import.

Pharmacovigilance reporting duty

Marketing authorization holders and healthcare organizations must report suspected adverse drug reactions, serious unexpected reactions, and lack of efficacy to the national pharmacovigilance system within established timelines.

Regulated medicine price markups

For reimbursed outpatient medicines, the state caps wholesale and retail markups applied to the registered ex-factory price, with the allowed margin decreasing as the price band rises.

Bioavailability (F)

The fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation unchanged. For intravenous administration F equals 1; oral bioavailability is reduced by incomplete absorption and first-pass hepatic metabolism.

Volume of distribution (Vd)

The apparent volume relating the amount of drug in the body to its plasma concentration. A large Vd indicates extensive tissue distribution; Vd is used to calculate loading doses.

Loading dose formula

Loading dose equals Vd multiplied by the target plasma concentration, divided by bioavailability F. It rapidly achieves therapeutic concentration, while maintenance dosing depends on clearance.

Narrow therapeutic index drugs

Drugs such as digoxin, warfarin, lithium, phenytoin, and gentamicin, where small concentration changes cause toxicity or loss of effect, so therapeutic drug monitoring is required.

ACE inhibitor adverse effects

Dry persistent cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension, and angioedema. Angioedema and bilateral renal artery stenosis are contraindications; potassium and renal function require monitoring during therapy.

Geometric dilution

A compounding technique for mixing a small amount of potent drug with an equal volume of diluent, then repeatedly doubling the mass to achieve uniform distribution throughout the final powder.

Sodium chloride equivalent method

An isotonicity calculation: multiply the drug mass by its E-value to obtain the NaCl equivalent, then add NaCl to bring the total to 0.9 percent of the solution volume.

Suppository displacement value

The number of parts of drug that displace one part of base. It corrects the calculated base mass so the mold is filled exactly when the drug is incorporated.

Terminal sterilization parameters

Saturated steam at 121 degrees Celsius for 15 to 20 minutes at about one atmosphere excess pressure is a standard autoclave cycle; heat-labile solutions require membrane filtration instead.

Alkaloid definition

A basic nitrogen-containing plant secondary metabolite, usually extracted by acid-base partitioning. Examples include morphine, atropine, caffeine, quinine, and vincristine from their respective plants.

Cardiac glycosides

Plant glycosides from Digitalis and Strophanthus that inhibit sodium-potassium ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and contractility. They have a narrow therapeutic index and require standardized assays.

Total ash value

The residue remaining after incineration of plant raw material. It indicates mineral content and contamination with soil or foreign matter; pharmacopoeias set upper limits.

Essential oil storage

Volatile terpene-rich oils must be kept in tightly closed, filled containers, protected from light and heat, because evaporation and oxidation degrade their composition and potency.

Beer-Lambert law

Absorbance equals molar absorptivity times concentration times path length. It underpins UV spectrophotometric assay, valid only within the calibrated linear concentration range.

Chromatographic validation parameters

Specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and quantitation, robustness, and system suitability demonstrate that an analytical method is suitable for its intended purpose.

Accelerated stability testing

Storage at elevated temperature and humidity, commonly 40 degrees Celsius and 75 percent relative humidity, predicts degradation and supports shelf-life assignment together with long-term data.

Assay acceptance range

Pharmacopoeial content limits for most finished products are typically 95 to 105 percent of the label claim, determined by a validated, stability-indicating analytical method.

Reorder point

The stock level triggering a new order: average daily demand multiplied by lead time, plus a safety stock buffer covering demand variability and delivery delay.

Stock turnover ratio

Cost of goods sold divided by average inventory value. A low ratio indicates slow-moving stock, tying up capital and increasing the risk of expiry losses.

Subject-quantitative accounting

Mandatory item-by-item recording of narcotic, psychotropic, and precursor medicines, with separate storage and periodic reconciliation of register entries against physical stock.

Pharmaceutical care process

The pharmacist identifies actual or potential drug-related problems in indication, effectiveness, safety, or adherence, then intervenes, documents the action, and follows up on the patient outcome.

Prescription screening checks

Verify legal validity, prescriber details, patient identity, dose against age, weight and renal function, interactions, contraindications, therapeutic duplication, and quantity limits before dispensing.

Antimicrobial stewardship

Prescribe and dispense antibiotics only for confirmed or likely bacterial infection, at the correct dose and duration, to preserve efficacy and limit selection of resistant organisms.

Live attenuated vaccine contraindications

Live vaccines such as measles, mumps, rubella, and BCG are contraindicated in severe immunosuppression and generally in pregnancy, because replication may cause disease in the host.

Vaccine cold chain

Most vaccines are stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius with continuous temperature monitoring; freeze-sensitive adsorbed vaccines must not be frozen, and excursions require documented assessment.

Herd immunity

Indirect protection of unvaccinated individuals when a sufficient proportion of the population is immune, reducing transmission; the threshold varies by pathogen and is high for measles.

Adult basic life support

Check responsiveness and breathing, call for help, give chest compressions at 100 to 120 per minute, 5 to 6 cm deep, with a 30 to 2 compression-to-ventilation ratio, and apply an AED.

Anaphylaxis first-line treatment

Intramuscular adrenaline 0.3 to 0.5 mg of the 1:1000 solution into the anterolateral thigh, repeated after 5 to 15 minutes if needed, with emergency services called and the patient positioned supine.

Patient confidentiality

Patient information may be disclosed only with informed consent or when required by law; records must be stored and transmitted securely, and casual discussion of cases is prohibited.