AAK PPL (Kazakhstan) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

VFR minima above 3050 m

In controlled airspace at and above 3050 m AMSL, VFR requires 8 km flight visibility and distance from cloud of 1500 m horizontally and 300 m vertically.

Squawk 7600

The transponder code indicating radio communication failure. The pilot continues VFR, lands at the nearest suitable aerodrome and reports to ATC as soon as possible.

Converging aircraft right of way

When two aircraft of the same category converge, the aircraft on the right has right of way. The other must give way and avoid passing over, under or in front.

Class 2 medical validity

For private pilot privileges under ICAO Annex 1, a class 2 medical is valid for 12 months up to age 40 and 6 months thereafter, unless national rules are stricter.

Time of useful consciousness at 25000 ft

At about 7600 m (25000 ft) cabin altitude, useful consciousness lasts roughly 3 to 5 minutes without supplemental oxygen, so oxygen must be available before ascent.

Somatogravic illusion

During acceleration, the vestibular system signals a pitch-up sensation that feels like a climb. In IMC the pilot must trust instruments and ignore this false sensation.

Carbon monoxide poisoning signs

Odourless carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin strongly, causing headache, nausea, dizziness and confusion. Suspect it in cabin heat operations and ventilate immediately.

Night vision adaptation

Rods adapt to darkness over 20 to 30 minutes and are destroyed by bright white light. Use red lighting where available to preserve night vision.

Standard atmosphere sea level

ISA at sea level is 1013.25 hPa and 15 °C, with a lapse rate of about 2 °C per 1000 ft up to 36090 ft (11 km).

Density altitude formula

Density altitude equals pressure altitude plus 120 times the difference between outside air temperature and ISA temperature at that level, in feet.

Carburettor icing temperature range

Carburettor icing is most likely with outside air temperatures between about −10 °C and +15 °C and high humidity; apply carburettor heat before reducing power.

Cumulonimbus avoidance distance

Avoid cumulonimbus by at least 20 km (10 NM) laterally because of severe turbulence, hail, icing and microburst risk; do not attempt to overfly.

1 in 60 rule

A 1° tracking error over 60 NM produces 1 NM off track. Drift correction in degrees equals distance off track divided by distance flown, multiplied by 60.

TVMDC conversion

True plus variation gives magnetic; magnetic plus deviation gives compass. The mnemonic TVMDC reminds pilots to apply variation east or west correctly.

VOR CDI centring

The CDI centres when the selected OBS matches the radial from the station; the TO/FROM flag shows whether the selected course leads to or from the station.

Great circle distance

One minute of latitude equals 1 NM, so great circle distance in nautical miles is approximately 60 times the angular distance in degrees.

Four-stroke engine cycle

Induction, compression, combustion and exhaust make one complete cycle, requiring two crankshaft revolutions in a four-stroke piston engine.

Static port blockage effect

A blocked static port makes the altimeter freeze and the airspeed indicator read incorrectly, typically over-reading in climb and under-reading in descent.

Load factor in turns

Load factor equals 1 divided by the cosine of the bank angle. At 60° bank the load factor is 2 g and stall speed rises about 41%.

Altimeter subscale setting

Set QNH from the nearest reporting station to read altitude above mean sea level; 1 hPa difference is approximately 30 ft.

Moment and CG

Moment equals mass multiplied by arm. Centre of gravity position equals total moment divided by total mass and must lie within the certified limits.

Crosswind component

Crosswind component equals wind speed multiplied by the sine of the angle between wind and runway; headwind component uses the cosine.

Climb gradient formula

Climb gradient in percent equals climb rate in feet per minute times 60, divided by groundspeed in knots times 101.3.

VFR final fuel reserve

VFR flight planning typically requires a final reserve of 30 minutes at cruise fuel flow, in addition to trip, contingency and alternate fuel as applicable.

Critical angle of attack

Stall occurs when the critical angle of attack is exceeded regardless of speed, attitude or weight; the angle is fixed for a given wing.

Induced and parasite drag

Induced drag decreases with speed while parasite drag increases with the square of speed; total drag is minimum at best glide speed.

Best angle versus best rate

Best angle of climb gives maximum height gain per unit distance; best rate of climb gives maximum height gain per unit time.

Adverse yaw

The down-going aileron produces more induced drag, yawing the nose away from the turn; coordinated rudder input is required to counteract it.

MAYDAY versus PAN PAN

MAYDAY, repeated three times, signals distress and immediate danger; PAN PAN, repeated three times, signals urgency without immediate danger to life.

Radio failure in VFR

Squawk 7600, continue under VFR, land at the nearest suitable aerodrome and report the failure to ATC as soon as practicable.

Skill test altitude tolerance

For the PPL skill test, altitude is normally maintained within plus or minus 100 ft and heading within plus or minus 10°, unless the manoeuvre specifies otherwise.

Stall recovery sequence

Reduce angle of attack, apply power, level the wings and recover to the required flight path; avoid aileron input until the stall is broken.