Substance Abuse and Health Risk Behaviours
This domain tests the effects of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and inhalants, the meaning of dependence, and refusal and help-seeking skills.
Core facts
- Tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. Smoking harms the lungs and heart and increases cancer risk. Passive smoking harms others.
- Alcohol is a depressant. It slows reaction time and judgement, damages the liver and brain, and increases the risk of accidents and violence.
- Cannabis impairs memory, coordination and motivation; it is not a harmless substance.
- Inhalants such as solvents can cause sudden death, even on a first use.
- Dependence means continued use despite harm, with craving and withdrawal. Substance use often begins with peer pressure, curiosity or attempts to cope with stress.
- Refusal skills: make eye contact, say no clearly, give a reason, suggest an alternative, and leave the situation.
Worked example
A friend offers a cigarette at a party. Reasoning: a vague answer such as “maybe later” invites pressure. A clear refusal is: “No, I don’t smoke. I’m going to get a drink of water.” Then move away and join another group. If pressure continues, tell a trusted adult. This protects health and removes the person from the high-risk situation.
Traps that cost marks
- Alcohol does not warm the body; it widens skin blood vessels and increases heat loss.
- Tobacco and alcohol are not safe ways to relieve stress.
- Cannabis is not harmless because it is natural.
- Do not describe dependence as a simple lack of willpower; it is a health condition needing support.