Mongolia Feldsher Licensing Exam flashcards

31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cardiac output formula

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. A normal adult value is roughly 4 to 8 litres per minute, and it falls when either rate or contractility is impaired.

Metabolic acidosis

A primary fall in bicarbonate causing blood pH below 7.35 with low bicarbonate. Causes include diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea and lactic acidosis; respiratory compensation produces deep rapid breathing.

Paracetamol overdose antidote

Acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione and is most effective when given within 8 hours of ingestion. Activated charcoal may be used early, and liver enzymes and coagulation are monitored.

Hypertension diagnostic threshold

Adults are diagnosed with hypertension when clinic blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher on repeated measurement. Treatment combines lifestyle change with medication and scheduled follow-up.

Metformin first-line role

Metformin is the usual first drug for type 2 diabetes because it lowers glucose without causing hypoglycemia or weight gain. It is avoided in severe renal impairment and acute illness.

Helicobacter pylori test of cure

After eradication therapy, cure must be confirmed with a breath or stool antigen test at least four weeks after treatment and antibiotics have ended, to avoid false-negative results.

Adult chest compression rate

Resuscitation compressions are delivered at 100 to 120 per minute to a depth of 5 to 6 centimetres with full recoil, using a 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio for a single rescuer.

Triage colour codes

Red marks an immediate life threat, yellow delayed but urgent, green walking wounded, and black deceased or expectant. Casualties are reassessed whenever their condition or resources change.

Anaphylaxis first drug

Intramuscular adrenaline 0.01 mg per kilogram, up to 0.5 mg, into the anterolateral thigh is the first treatment. It is repeated every 5 to 15 minutes if symptoms persist.

Parkland burn formula

Four millilitres of crystalloid per kilogram of body weight per percent total body surface area burned in 24 hours, with half given in the first 8 hours measured from the time of injury.

IMCI danger signs

In a sick child, inability to drink or breastfeed, persistent vomiting, convulsions, lethargy or unconsciousness, and chest indrawing or stridor require urgent referral and treatment.

Childhood dehydration signs

Sunken eyes, a slow skin pinch, lethargy and inability to drink indicate severe dehydration. Such children need urgent rehydration, usually by intravenous or nasogastric fluid.

BCG vaccine effect

BCG given at birth protects against severe disseminated tuberculosis such as miliary disease and meningitis, but it does not prevent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or pulmonary disease.

Nägele's rule

Estimated delivery date is the first day of the last menstrual period minus three months plus seven days. First-trimester ultrasound gives a more accurate date when available.

Preeclampsia definition

Blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher after 20 weeks of pregnancy together with proteinuria or other organ dysfunction. Delivery is the only definitive treatment.

Magnesium sulfate monitoring

During treatment of eclampsia, watch respiratory rate, urine output and deep tendon reflexes. Loss of reflexes, respiratory depression or oliguria suggests toxicity, treated with intravenous calcium gluconate.

Postpartum hemorrhage cause

Uterine atony is the commonest cause of heavy bleeding after birth. Management is uterine massage plus a uterotonic such as oxytocin, then escalation to further measures.

Standard TB regimen

Drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis is treated with two months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, then four months of isoniazid and rifampicin.

Notifiable disease duty

The clinician making the diagnosis must report it to the designated public health authority within the legally set time frame, while keeping the patient's identity confidential.

Incidence versus prevalence

Incidence counts new cases arising in a population at risk over a period. Prevalence counts all existing cases at one point in time and is influenced by both incidence and duration.

Herd immunity threshold

The proportion needing immunity to interrupt transmission equals 1 minus 1 divided by the basic reproduction number. Measles needs roughly 92 to 95 percent coverage.

Tetanus booster timing

For a clean minor wound, give a booster if the last dose was more than 10 years ago. For contaminated wounds the interval is 5 years, plus immunoglobulin if unimmunized.

Lidocaine maximum dose

Without adrenaline the maximum is 3 mg per kilogram; with adrenaline it is 7 mg per kilogram. Calculate the dose before infiltrating to avoid systemic toxicity.

Abscess management

An abscess is treated by incision and drainage under local anesthesia; antibiotics alone do not penetrate the pus. Antibiotics are added for spreading cellulitis or systemic signs.

Sensitivity definition

Sensitivity is true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives. A highly sensitive test rarely misses disease, so it is useful for ruling a condition out.

Vaccine cold chain range

Vaccines are stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius with temperature checked and recorded twice daily. Freeze-sensitive products such as hepatitis B vaccine must never be frozen.

Soum referral indications

Refer when the condition exceeds local diagnostic or treatment capacity, when red flags are present, or when the patient fails to improve as expected despite correct initial management.

Informed consent elements

Valid consent requires a patient with capacity, adequate information about benefits, risks and alternatives, and a voluntary decision. A competent adult may refuse even life-saving treatment.

Medical record correction

Errors in a record are corrected by drawing a single line through the entry, writing the correct information, and adding initials, date and time. Erasure or overwriting is never acceptable.

Hand hygiene moments

Clean hands before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after body fluid exposure, after touching a patient, and after touching patient surroundings. Alcohol rub is used on visibly clean hands.

Needlestick first actions

Wash the wound with soap and water without squeezing or sucking, report immediately, and start post-exposure prophylaxis as soon as possible after assessing the source's infection status.