Mongolia Feldsher Licensing Exam key terms

The rapid sorting of patients by urgency so that those with immediately life-threatening conditions receive care first. It relies on vital signs, chief complaint, and a brief assessment rather than a full diagnosis.

A structured sequence for assessing and treating a critically ill or injured patient: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure. Each step is corrected before moving to the next.

Rhythmic chest compressions, with rescue breaths or ventilation, used to maintain circulation and oxygenation when a person has no effective heartbeat or breathing. Early defibrillation and rapid advanced support improve survival.

A state in which tissue oxygen delivery fails to meet demand, causing pale or mottled skin, rapid weak pulse, low blood pressure, confusion, and reduced urine output. Causes include bleeding, infection, dehydration, and pump failure.

The first, rapid head-to-toe check in trauma care that identifies and treats threats to airway, breathing, circulation, and neurological status before any detailed examination or history taking is attempted.

Prevention of tetanus after a wound by cleaning the wound and giving a tetanus toxoid booster, with immunoglobulin added for dirty or deep wounds in under-immunized or unknown-status patients.

Removal of dead tissue, foreign material, and debris from a wound so that healthy tissue is exposed and healing can proceed. It reduces infection risk and is done under local anesthesia when needed.

Infection developing at or near an operation site within about 30 days of surgery, shown by redness, warmth, pain, pus, or fever. Prevention depends on sterile technique, skin preparation, and careful wound care.

The set of practices that keep instruments, surfaces, and hands free of disease-causing microorganisms. It includes hand hygiene, sterile gloves, sterile drapes, and separating clean from contaminated items.

Cleaning hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based rub at defined moments, such as before patient contact and after body-fluid exposure. It is the single most effective measure against healthcare-associated infection.

A disease that law or regulation requires health workers to report to public health authorities, often within a set time, so that surveillance, outbreak response, and control measures can be triggered.

The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data, with timely feedback to those who need it. It detects outbreaks early and guides prevention and control decisions.

Identifying people who have been in contact with a person who has an infectious disease, then assessing, testing, or treating them to interrupt further transmission. It is central to tuberculosis and outbreak control.

A tuberculosis treatment strategy in which a trained observer watches the patient swallow each dose, usually several times a week. It supports adherence and helps prevent drug resistance.

Examination of a stained sputum sample under a microscope to look for acid-fast bacilli, a common first-line test for pulmonary tuberculosis. It is quick and cheap but less sensitive than culture or molecular testing.

A skin test in which purified protein derivative is injected into the forearm and the reaction is measured after 48 to 72 hours. It shows infection with tuberculosis bacteria but cannot distinguish latent from active disease.

A live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis, usually given at birth in high-burden countries. It gives good protection against severe childhood forms such as meningitis and miliary disease.

The national schedule that sets which vaccines are given at which ages, from birth through childhood, with recording of doses and catch-up rules for children who miss them.

The unbroken series of refrigerated storage and transport steps that keeps vaccines within their safe temperature range from manufacture to injection. Breaks in the chain can make vaccines ineffective.

Any unwanted health occurrence after vaccination, whether or not the vaccine caused it. Health workers must recognize, treat, and report serious events so that safety can be monitored.

A single chart on which labor progress, fetal heart rate, maternal vital signs, and contractions are plotted over time. It helps detect slow or obstructed labor early and prompts timely referral.

Excessive bleeding after birth, commonly defined as more than 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL after cesarean. Uterine atony is the usual cause; massage, oxytocin, and referral save lives.

New high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy together with protein in the urine or organ damage. Warning signs include headache, visual changes, and upper abdominal pain; it can progress to seizures.

The scheduled health visits during pregnancy that monitor maternal and fetal wellbeing, screen for complications such as anemia and high blood pressure, and provide counseling, iron, and tetanus immunization.

Feeding an infant only breast milk, with no water, formula, or other foods, for the first six months. It lowers diarrhea and respiratory infection risk and supports growth and development.

A balanced mixture of salts and glucose in clean water given by mouth to replace fluid lost through diarrhea. Correct preparation and frequent small sips prevent and treat dehydration in children.

Giving zinc for 10 to 14 days during and after childhood diarrhea, which shortens the illness and reduces recurrence. It is given alongside oral rehydration solution and continued feeding.

A structured approach that assesses a sick child for danger signs, then classifies and treats the main childhood conditions such as pneumonia, diarrhea, fever, and malnutrition using simple algorithms.

Persistently raised arterial blood pressure, usually at or above 140/90 mmHg on repeated measurements. It is often symptomless but raises the risk of stroke, heart disease, and kidney damage.

A chronic condition of raised blood glucose caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Diagnosis uses fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, or glycated hemoglobin, and management includes diet, activity, and medication.

The use of several medicines at the same time, often five or more, which raises the risk of interactions and adverse effects. Regular review of each drug's need and dose is essential.

How the body handles a drug over time through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. These processes determine the dose, dosing interval, and route needed to reach a safe effective level.

What a drug does to the body, including its mechanism, desired effect, and unwanted effects at a given concentration. It explains why the same dose can act differently in different patients.

Prescribing antibiotics only when indicated, choosing the narrowest effective agent, and using the correct dose and duration. It preserves drug effectiveness and limits resistance and side effects.

A patient's voluntary agreement to a test or treatment after receiving understandable information about its purpose, benefits, risks, and alternatives. It must be documented and can be withdrawn at any time.

The duty to keep a patient's health information private and share it only with those who need it for care, or where law permits or requires disclosure, such as reporting a notifiable disease.

The written or electronic account of a patient's history, examination findings, diagnoses, treatment, and follow-up. Accurate, dated, and signed entries support continuity of care and legal accountability.

The formal transfer of a patient's care to a higher-level facility or specialist when the local soum or primary care team lacks the skills, equipment, or resources to manage the problem safely.