Mongolia Nurse Licensing Exam flashcards

35 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Nursing process steps

Five sequential phases: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Assessment gathers subjective and objective data; evaluation compares outcomes to goals and restarts the cycle when unmet.

Maslow prioritization

Needs ranked from physiological (oxygen, food, water) to safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Lower-level needs generally take priority, but airway, breathing, and circulation always come first.

Normal adult vital signs

Oral temperature 36.5–37.5°C, pulse 60–100/min, respirations 12–20/min, blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg, and oxygen saturation at least 95% on room air.

Pressure injury staging

Stage 1 is non-blanchable erythema; stage 2 is partial-thickness dermal loss; stage 3 extends to fascia; stage 4 reaches muscle or bone; unstageable is covered by slough or eschar.

Cardiac output formula

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume, normally 4–8 L/min. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload, and contractility, so changes in any of these alter tissue perfusion.

Acid-base normal values

Arterial pH 7.35–7.45, PaCO2 35–45 mmHg, and bicarbonate 22–26 mEq/L. Respiratory disorders move pH and CO2 in opposite directions; metabolic disorders move pH and bicarbonate in the same direction.

Oxygen dissociation curve shift

Increased CO2, hydrogen ions, temperature, and 2,3-BPG shift the curve right, reducing hemoglobin affinity and increasing oxygen release to tissues. Hypothermia, alkalosis, and low 2,3-BPG shift it left.

Left versus right heart failure

Left-sided failure causes dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles, and frothy sputum from pulmonary congestion. Right-sided failure causes jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and ascites from systemic congestion.

Myocardial infarction immediate care

Give morphine, oxygen only if saturation is below 90%, nitroglycerin, and chewed aspirin 160–325 mg. Troponin rises within 3–6 hours and peaks at 12–24 hours; monitor for arrhythmias.

Hypoglycemia treatment

For a conscious patient with glucose below 3.9 mmol/L, give 15 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, recheck in 15 minutes, and repeat until glucose is above 4 mmol/L, then provide a snack.

Stroke thrombolysis window

Alteplase may be given up to 4.5 hours after symptom onset. Obtain glucose and non-contrast CT to exclude hemorrhage, and lower blood pressure below 185/110 mmHg before treatment.

Naegele's rule

Estimated date of delivery is calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period: add 7 days, subtract 3 months, and add 1 year. It assumes a 28-day cycle and ovulation on day 14.

Fetal heart rate decelerations

Early decelerations mirror contractions and reflect head compression. Late decelerations lag contractions and indicate uteroplacental insufficiency, requiring repositioning, oxygen, and stopping oxytocin. Variable decelerations reflect cord compression.

Postpartum hemorrhage definition

Blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal birth or 1000 mL after cesarean birth. Uterine atony is the most common cause, treated with fundal massage, oxytocin, and bladder emptying.

Preeclampsia severe features

Blood pressure at least 160/110 mmHg, platelets below 100,000, elevated liver enzymes, pulmonary edema, or visual symptoms after 20 weeks. Magnesium sulfate prevents and treats seizures.

APGAR score components

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration, each scored 0–2 at 1 and 5 minutes. A score below 7 at 5 minutes indicates need for continued resuscitation and reassessment.

Pediatric maintenance fluids

The 4-2-1 rule gives 4 mL/kg/h for the first 10 kg, 2 mL/kg/h for the next 10 kg, and 1 mL/kg/h for each additional kilogram. It estimates hourly maintenance needs in children.

Kawasaki disease criteria

Fever for at least 5 days plus four of conjunctivitis, rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, oral changes, and extremity changes. Coronary artery aneurysms are the major complication; treat with IVIG and aspirin.

Croup versus epiglottitis

Croup causes a barking cough and inspiratory stridor and is treated with dexamethasone and nebulized epinephrine. Epiglottitis causes drooling, tripod positioning, and muffled voice; never inspect the throat and prepare for airway rescue.

Adolescent Erikson stage

Identity versus role confusion is the psychosocial task of adolescence. Nurses support autonomy, provide privacy, and maintain confidentiality within legal limits while encouraging family involvement when appropriate.

Therapeutic communication techniques

Use open-ended questions, reflection, silence, clarification, and summarizing. Avoid false reassurance, advice-giving, why-questions, and changing the subject, which block expression of feelings.

Serotonin syndrome features

Agitation, hyperthermia, clonus, hyperreflexia, and autonomic instability after serotonergic drugs such as SSRIs combined with MAOIs, tramadol, or triptans. Stop the offending agents and provide supportive care.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Rigidity, fever, autonomic instability, and elevated creatine kinase after antipsychotic use. Stop the antipsychotic, give supportive care, and consider dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Alcohol withdrawal management

Tremor, anxiety, seizures, and delirium tremens occur after cessation. Benzodiazepines are first-line, guided by the CIWA-Ar scale; give thiamine before glucose to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy.

Levels of prevention

Primary prevention prevents disease before it occurs, such as immunization. Secondary prevention detects disease early through screening. Tertiary prevention limits disability through rehabilitation and chronic disease management.

Incidence versus prevalence

Incidence is the number of new cases divided by the population at risk over a period. Prevalence is all existing cases divided by the total population at a point or period.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is true positives divided by all people with disease; specificity is true negatives divided by all people without disease. Positive predictive value depends on disease prevalence in the tested population.

Adult CPR parameters

Compress at 100–120 per minute to a depth of 5–6 cm with full recoil, using a 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio. Minimize interruptions to under 10 seconds and defibrillate VF or pulseless VT promptly.

Anaphylaxis first-line treatment

Give intramuscular epinephrine 0.3–0.5 mg of 1:1000 concentration into the vastus lateralis, repeating every 5–15 minutes. Antihistamines and corticosteroids are adjuncts and never replace epinephrine.

Transmission-based precautions

Contact precautions for MRSA and C. difficile require gown and gloves; droplet precautions for influenza require a surgical mask; airborne precautions for tuberculosis and measles require an N95 respirator and negative-pressure room.

High-alert medications

Insulin, heparin, opioids, chemotherapy, and concentrated potassium chloride carry high risk of harm. Use independent double-checks, standardized concentrations, and clear labeling to prevent errors.

Warfarin and heparin monitoring

Warfarin is monitored with INR, target 2–3, and reversed with vitamin K. Heparin is monitored with aPTT, target 1.5–2.5 times control, and reversed with protamine sulfate.

Opioid overdose antidote

Naloxone reverses opioid-induced respiratory depression and sedation. Monitor for re-sedation because naloxone has a shorter half-life than many opioids, and support ventilation as needed.

Informed consent elements

The patient must receive the diagnosis, proposed treatment, risks, benefits, alternatives, and the right to refuse. Consent must be voluntary and obtained from a competent patient or legal representative except in life-threatening emergencies.

Negligence elements

Four elements must be proven: duty of care, breach of that duty, causation, and damages. Accurate, timely documentation is the primary legal record and late entries must be labeled as such.