Mongolia Nurse Licensing Exam key terms

A five-step structured method nurses use to plan and deliver care: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Each step depends on the information gathered in the step before it.

A clinical judgment about a patient's actual or potential health problem that a nurse is licensed and able to treat independently, such as impaired gas exchange or risk for falls.

The final phase of the nursing process, in which the nurse compares the patient's current status with the expected outcomes set during planning and decides whether to revise the care plan.

Observable, measurable information a nurse gathers directly, such as blood pressure, temperature, wound appearance, or laboratory results. It can be verified by another clinician and does not rely on the patient's report.

Information the patient or family reports about symptoms and feelings, such as pain, nausea, dizziness, or fatigue. It cannot be measured directly and is recorded in the patient's own words.

The body's tendency to keep internal conditions such as temperature, pH, blood glucose, and fluid balance within a narrow, stable range despite changes in the outside environment.

A control mechanism in which a change triggers a response that reverses the change and restores the normal range, as when rising blood glucose stimulates insulin release.

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute, calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. It is a key indicator of how well the heart is meeting the body's oxygen demand.

The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle with a single heartbeat. It depends on how much blood fills the heart, how forcefully the muscle contracts, and the resistance it pumps against.

The regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids so that arterial pH stays near 7.35 to 7.45. The lungs remove carbon dioxide and the kidneys regulate bicarbonate to maintain it.

A condition in which body tissues receive less oxygen than they need. Signs include restlessness, confusion, rapid breathing, and cyanosis; prolonged hypoxia can cause organ damage.

A noninvasive method of estimating arterial oxygen saturation by passing light through a fingertip or earlobe. Readings below about 90 percent signal serious hypoxemia and require prompt assessment.

A running record of all fluid a patient takes in and puts out over a set period, used to detect dehydration or overload and to guide intravenous therapy decisions.

Administration of fluids, electrolytes, nutrients, or medicines directly into a vein. Nurses monitor the insertion site, flow rate, and patient response, and watch for infiltration and infection.

A set of practices that keep equipment and wounds free of disease-causing microorganisms during procedures such as catheter insertion, dressing changes, and injections. It includes hand hygiene and sterile barriers.

An infection that develops in or near a surgical incision within about 30 days of the operation. Prevention relies on aseptic technique, skin preparation, and careful wound care.

Cleaning the hands with soap and water or alcohol-based rub at defined moments, especially before patient contact and after body fluid exposure. It is the single most effective way to prevent healthcare-associated infection.

An infection a patient acquires while receiving care in a hospital or other health facility and that was not present or incubating on admission. Also called a healthcare-associated infection.

The process of quickly sorting patients by the urgency of their condition so that limited resources go first to those who will benefit most or who may die without immediate care.

A structured emergency assessment of Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure, performed in order to find and treat life-threatening problems before moving to the next step.

Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, such as a wrong dose, wrong drug, wrong route, or wrong patient.

A safety check confirming the right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, and right time before giving any medicine. Many facilities add documentation and reason as further checks.

A harmful, unintended response to a medicine given at a normal dose. It differs from a medication error because the drug was administered correctly and the reaction was not caused by a mistake.

The ratio between a drug's toxic dose and its effective dose. A narrow index means the gap between helpful and harmful levels is small, so blood monitoring is often required.

Any route of medicine administration that bypasses the digestive tract, such as intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection. It usually acts faster than oral dosing.

A pregnancy disorder marked by new high blood pressure and signs of organ damage, often protein in the urine, after 20 weeks of gestation. It can progress to seizures and threatens both mother and fetus.

The occurrence of generalized seizures in a pregnant or recently delivered woman with preeclampsia, not explained by another cause. It is an obstetric emergency requiring immediate treatment.

Heavy bleeding after childbirth, commonly defined as more than 500 mL after vaginal birth or 1000 mL after cesarean. Uterine atony is the most frequent cause and it is a leading cause of maternal death.

A bundle of actions just after birth, including a preventive oxytocin injection, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage, that reduces the risk of postpartum hemorrhage.

Feeding an infant only breast milk, with no other food or drink except vitamins, minerals, or medicines, for the first six months. It lowers infection risk and supports growth.

A graph plotting a child's weight, height, or head circumference against reference values for age and sex. Repeated plotting shows whether growth is following a healthy pattern.

Loss of body water and salts, often from diarrhea or vomiting, that can quickly become dangerous in infants. Signs include sunken eyes, dry mouth, reduced urine, and lethargy.

A carefully balanced mixture of salts and glucose in water given by mouth to replace fluid lost through diarrhea. Correct preparation matters because too much sugar or salt can worsen the condition.

Purposeful use of words and behavior by a nurse to build trust, explore a patient's concerns, and support coping. Techniques include open questions, reflection, and silence rather than advice-giving.

A structured inquiry into a person's thoughts, plans, means, and history of self-harm, together with protective factors, used to decide the level of observation and safety measures needed.

A patient's voluntary agreement to a test or treatment after receiving and understanding information about its purpose, risks, benefits, and alternatives, given without pressure and by someone with capacity.

The professional duty to keep a patient's health information private and share it only with those who need it for care, or when the law requires disclosure.

The activities a nurse is legally permitted and competent to perform at a given level of licensure. Working outside it can lead to discipline and endangers patients.

Failure to provide the standard of care that a reasonably prudent nurse would give in similar circumstances, resulting in harm to the patient. It must be proven with evidence, not assumed.