MT-BC flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Interval inversion

Inverting an interval moves the lower note up an octave. Perfect stays perfect, major becomes minor, augmented becomes diminished, and the two interval numbers sum to nine.

Order of sharps

Sharps appear in the order F, C, G, D, A, E, B; flats appear in exactly the reverse order, B, E, A, D, G, C, F.

Relative minor key

A relative minor begins on the sixth scale degree, a minor third below the major tonic, and shares the same key signature with no added accidentals.

Compound duple meter

In compound duple meter, such as 6/8, there are two beats per measure and each beat divides into three equal parts, giving a lilting feel.

B-flat clarinet transposition

A B-flat clarinet sounds a major second lower than written, so a written C sounds as B-flat; write its part a major second above sounding pitch.

Half-diminished seventh chord

A half-diminished seventh is built of a minor third, diminished fifth, and minor seventh above the root; it occurs naturally on the seventh degree of a major scale.

Deceptive cadence

A deceptive, or interrupted, cadence moves from V to vi rather than to I, delaying resolution and often producing a surprise or continuation effect.

Strophic song form

Strophic form repeats the same music for each stanza, labeled AAA; the melody stays constant while the text changes with every verse.

Ternary form

Ternary form is ABA: an opening section, a contrasting middle section, and a return of the opening material, often with slight variation.

F horn transposition

The F horn sounds a perfect fifth lower than written, so a written C sounds as the F below; its part is written a perfect fifth above sounding pitch.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's stage from about 7 to 11 years, when children think logically about concrete objects, understand conservation, and can classify and order materials.

Tuckman group stages

Groups commonly pass through forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning; conflict and role negotiation are most typical of the storming stage.

Informed consent components

Valid consent requires disclosure of purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, alternatives, confidentiality limits, and the right to withdraw without penalty, documented before services begin.

Internal validity

Internal validity is the degree to which a study supports a causal claim, strengthened by randomization, comparison groups, and control of confounding variables.

Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing or avoiding an aversive stimulus; it is not punishment, which weakens behavior by adding an aversive consequence.

Reliability versus validity

Reliability is the consistency or repeatability of a measure; validity is whether it measures the intended construct. A measure may be reliable yet invalid, but not valid yet unreliable.

Limits of confidentiality

Confidentiality is broken only when there is imminent danger to self or others, suspected abuse or neglect, or a court order, and disclosure should be limited to what is necessary.

IDEA and related services

Under IDEA, music therapy can be listed as a related service on a student's IEP when it is required for the student to benefit from special education.

Beneficence

Beneficence is the ethical obligation to act for the client's benefit, promoting well-being and balancing potential benefits against risks in every clinical decision.

Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus alone elicits a conditioned response, as in Pavlov's experiments with dogs.

Iso principle

The therapist selects music matching the client's current mood and energy, then gradually changes the music to guide the client toward the desired affective or arousal state.

Rhythmic auditory stimulation

RAS uses a metronome or rhythmic music set near the client's walking cadence to cue and improve gait in rehabilitation for stroke and Parkinson's disease.

Melodic intonation therapy

MIT uses intoned melodic phrases and left-hand rhythmic tapping to recruit right-hemisphere networks and rebuild expressive speech in clients with nonfluent aphasia.

SOAP note format

SOAP documentation records Subjective reports, Objective observable data, Assessment or interpretation, and Plan; the objective section should contain measurable, behavioral descriptions only.

Referential improvisation

In referential improvisation the client plays to represent a specific topic, person, image, or feeling, and the therapist responds musically and verbally to explore it.

Goal versus objective

A goal describes the broad intended outcome, while an objective states a measurable step toward it, including a target behavior, condition, criterion, and timeframe.

Musical entrainment

Entrainment is the synchronization of body rhythms, such as pulse or breathing, to an external musical tempo, and it underlies rhythmic interventions in rehabilitation and therapy.

Session closure

Closure ends a session by summarizing work, linking it to goals, orienting the client to the next contact, and giving time to process emotion before transition.

Termination criteria

Termination is considered when goals are met, progress plateaus, the client no longer benefits, consent is withdrawn, or discharge occurs, and it should be planned with review and referral.

AMTA scope of practice

Music therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who completed an approved program.

Mirroring improvisation technique

In mirroring, the therapist musically replicates the client's rhythm, dynamics, or melody exactly, communicating empathy and validating the client's expression without directing it.

Patterned sensory enhancement

PSE translates movement patterns into music by mapping spatial, temporal, and force cues, supporting functional movement in rehabilitation such as reaching or stepping sequences.