MTEL Health/FCS (21) cheat sheet

Leading causes of death in the US are heart disease, cancer, and stroke; most are influenced by modifiable risk factors (tobacco, diet, inactivity, alcohol).

Levels of prevention: primary (prevent onset, e.g., immunization), secondary (early detection, e.g., screening), tertiary (limit disability, e.g., rehabilitation).

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)^2; adult categories: under 18.5, normal 18.5–24.9, overweight 25–29.9, obese 30 and above.

FITT principle for exercise prescription: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type; aerobic guideline is about 150 minutes/week of moderate activity plus 2 days of muscle strengthening.

Karvonen/target heart rate: HRmax ≈ 220 minus age; moderate intensity ≈ 50–70% of HRmax, vigorous ≈ 70–85%.

Macronutrient energy values: carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

Dietary reference intakes: RDA (covers 97–98% of healthy people), AI (used when RDA cannot be set), UL (tolerable upper intake), EAR (used for planning groups).

Communicable disease control chain: pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host; breaking any link halts spread.

Stress response: Selye's general adaptation syndrome stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion; chronic activation raises cortisol and cardiovascular risk.

Erikson's psychosocial stages pair a crisis with a virtue: trust/mistrust (infancy), autonomy/shame (toddler), initiative/guilt (preschool), industry/inferiority (school age), identity/role confusion (adolescence), intimacy/isolation (young adult), generativity/stagnation (midlife), integrity/despair (older adult).

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7–11, conservation, classification), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Attachment styles (Ainsworth): secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized; secure attachment predicts better emotional regulation.

Family life cycle stages: leaving home, joining families through marriage, families with young children, families with adolescents, launching children, later life.

Family systems concepts: boundaries (enmeshed vs. disengaged), roles, rules, homeostasis, triangulation, and feedback loops.

Conflict resolution steps: identify the issue, use I-statements, listen and reflect, generate options, agree on a solution, and evaluate it.

Parenting styles (Baumrind): authoritative (high warmth, high expectations), authoritarian (low warmth, high control), permissive (high warmth, low control), uninvolved.

Aging theories include disengagement, activity, and continuity; normal aging changes include reduced muscle mass, slower reaction time, and presbyopia.

Grief models: Kübler-Ross stages (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) are non-linear; Worden's tasks of mourning emphasize accepting loss and adjusting.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone; it applies to money, time, and effort.

Compound interest formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt); simple interest is I = P × r × t.

Rule of 72: years to double money ≈ 72 ÷ annual interest rate (as a percent).

Credit cost depends on APR, compounding method, and term; a higher APR or longer term increases total interest paid.

Consumer protection tools: the Fair Credit Reporting Act (credit report accuracy), Truth in Lending Act (APR disclosure), and Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (collection conduct).

Budget categories follow the 50/30/20 guideline: 50% needs, 30% wants, 20% savings and debt repayment.

Insurance principle of indemnity: coverage restores the insured to prior financial position; deductibles and coinsurance shift cost to the insured.

Resource management decision process: identify the problem, clarify values, identify alternatives, weigh consequences, act, and evaluate.

Career development uses self-assessment (interests, skills, values) matched to occupational research on outlook, education, and wages.

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water; water is the most essential for life.

MyPlate proportions: half the plate fruits and vegetables, one quarter grains (make half whole), one quarter protein; pair with low-fat dairy.

Foodborne illness risk: keep food out of the 40–140°F (4–60°C) danger zone; refrigerate perishables within 2 hours (1 hour if above 90°F).

Four food safety steps: clean, separate, cook, and chill; use a food thermometer to verify safe internal temperatures.

Maillard browning occurs between amino acids and reducing sugars at high heat; caramelization is sugar-only browning.

Gluten forms from gliadin and glutenin in wheat; kneading develops gluten networks that give structure to bread.

Emulsions combine immiscible liquids (oil and water) using an emulsifier such as lecithin; mayonnaise is an oil-in-water emulsion.

Textile fibers divide into natural (cotton, wool, silk, linen) and manufactured (polyester, nylon, rayon); fiber properties determine absorbency, durability, and care.

Design elements are line, shape, form, space, texture, and color; principles include balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, and unity.