MTEL Health/FCS (21) flashcards

31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Primary prevention

Actions taken before disease occurs to reduce risk, such as immunization, handwashing, seatbelt use, and health education. It contrasts with secondary prevention (screening) and tertiary prevention (rehabilitation).

Body mass index

A screening ratio calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Adult values of 25 to 29.9 indicate overweight and 30 or above indicate obesity.

FITT principle

A framework for exercise prescription: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type. It guides safe progression and helps meet aerobic and strength guidelines.

Karvonen target heart rate

An intensity method using heart rate reserve: (HRmax minus resting HR) times intensity percent, plus resting HR. HRmax is estimated as 220 minus age.

Macronutrient energy values

Carbohydrate and protein supply 4 kilocalories per gram, fat supplies 9, and alcohol supplies 7. These values allow calculation of a food's energy from its macronutrient content.

Tolerable upper intake level

The maximum daily nutrient intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most people. It is part of the Dietary Reference Intakes and is used to flag excessive supplementation.

Chain of infection

Six linked elements: pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Breaking any link prevents or stops transmission.

General adaptation syndrome

Selye's three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Prolonged activation can impair immunity and increase cardiovascular and metabolic risk.

Erikson's identity stage

Adolescent psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion, resolved through exploring values, roles, and beliefs. Successful resolution yields fidelity and a stable sense of self.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children master conservation, classification, and reversibility but still reason about concrete rather than abstract ideas.

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight, developing in Piaget's sensorimotor stage, typically by about 8 to 12 months.

Authoritative parenting

A style with high warmth and high expectations, using reasoning and consistent limits. It is associated with better self-regulation and academic outcomes than authoritarian or permissive styles.

Enmeshed boundaries

A family systems pattern in which members are overly involved and individual autonomy is limited. It can hinder differentiation and independent problem solving.

Family life cycle

Stages families typically move through: leaving home, marriage, young children, adolescents, launching children, and later life. Each stage brings predictable tasks and transitions.

Secure attachment

An attachment pattern in which a caregiver is consistently responsive, so the child uses the caregiver as a safe base for exploration and seeks comfort under stress.

I-statement

A conflict-resolution sentence pattern stating feelings and needs without blaming: I feel ___ when ___ because ___. It reduces defensiveness and supports constructive dialogue.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next-best alternative given up when a choice is made. It applies to money, time, and effort, not only to purchases.

Compound interest formula

A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where P is principal, r the annual rate, n compounding periods per year, and t years. More frequent compounding raises total yield.

Rule of 72

A shortcut estimating doubling time by dividing 72 by the annual percentage rate. At 6 percent interest, money doubles in roughly 12 years.

Truth in Lending Act

A federal law requiring lenders to disclose the annual percentage rate and total finance charges. It enables comparison shopping among credit offers.

50/30/20 budget

A budgeting guideline allocating about 50 percent of income to needs, 30 percent to wants, and 20 percent to savings and debt repayment.

Principle of indemnity

An insurance concept that coverage restores the insured to the prior financial position, not to a profit. Deductibles and coinsurance share costs with the insured.

APR

Annual percentage rate: the yearly cost of credit including interest and certain fees, expressed as a percentage. It allows comparison of loan and credit card offers.

Danger zone

The temperature range of 40 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit where bacteria multiply rapidly. Perishable food should not remain there more than two hours.

Maillard reaction

Browning from a reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars under high heat, producing flavor and color in seared meat, toast, and roasted coffee.

Gluten development

Hydrated gliadin and glutenin proteins form an elastic network when mixed and kneaded. It gives bread structure and traps gas from yeast fermentation.

Emulsion

A stable mixture of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water, held together by an emulsifier like lecithin. Mayonnaise is an oil-in-water emulsion.

Caramelization

Browning caused by heating sugars alone, producing complex flavors and color. It differs from the Maillard reaction, which requires amino acids.

MyPlate proportions

A visual guide dividing the plate into about half fruits and vegetables, one quarter grains, and one quarter protein, with a separate serving of dairy.

Natural versus manufactured fibers

Natural fibers come from plants or animals, such as cotton and wool. Manufactured fibers are regenerated or synthetic, such as rayon and polyester, and differ in absorbency and care.

Elements and principles of design

Elements are line, shape, form, space, texture, and color. Principles, including balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, and unity, describe how elements are arranged.