MTTC Family and Consumer Sciences (040) cheat sheet

Erikson's eight psychosocial stages pair each life phase with a crisis: trust vs. mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs. shame (toddler), initiative vs. guilt (preschool), industry vs. inferiority (school age), identity vs. role confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs. isolation (young adult), generativity vs. stagnation (midlife), integrity vs. despair (late life).

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, reversibility), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Baumrind's parenting styles cross two dimensions, warmth and control: authoritative (high/high), authoritarian (low warmth/high control), permissive (high warmth/low control), neglectful (low/low); authoritative correlates with the best adjustment outcomes.

Bowlby and Ainsworth attachment classifications in the Strange Situation: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant (ambivalent), disorganized; secure attachment predicts later social competence.

Family life cycle stages (Carter and McGoldrick): leaving home, joining families through marriage, families with young children, families with adolescents, launching children, later life; each transition requires renegotiation of roles.

Family systems concepts: boundaries (enmeshed vs. disengaged), triangulation, homeostasis, and differentiation of self; a change in one member's behavior reshapes the whole system.

Kubler-Ross grief stages (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) are non-linear and not mandatory; grief work models also include Worden's four tasks.

Maslow's hierarchy orders needs physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization; lower needs generally must be met before higher ones motivate behavior.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best alternative forgone; every resource allocation decision carries one even when no money changes hands.

The decision-making process: identify the problem or need, gather information, evaluate alternatives, choose, act, and evaluate the outcome.

Compound interest formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt); continuous compounding uses A = Pe^(rt). Simple interest uses I = Prt.

Rule of 72: years to double an investment = 72 divided by the annual percentage rate of return.

Needs are required for survival and basic functioning; wants improve quality of life but are optional. Distinguishing them is the first budgeting step.

A budget follows income minus fixed expenses minus variable expenses minus savings; pay-yourself-first treats savings as a fixed expense.

Credit cost measures: APR is the annualized percentage rate including fees; finance charge is total dollar cost of credit; a higher credit score lowers the APR offered.

Consumer protection tools: the FTC addresses deceptive advertising, the CFPB handles consumer finance complaints, and the Fair Credit Reporting Act governs credit report accuracy and dispute rights.

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water. Carbohydrates and fats are primary energy sources; protein supplies 4 kcal/g, carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

MyPlate proportions: half the plate fruits and vegetables, one quarter lean protein, one quarter grains, with a dairy serving alongside; half of grains should be whole grains.

Amino acids: nine are essential (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine); complete proteins supply all nine in adequate amounts.

Fatty acids: saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; monounsaturated have one, polyunsaturated have two or more; trans fats raise LDL and lower HDL.

Food safety: the temperature danger zone is 40-140 degrees F; the FDA Food Code sets 41-135 degrees F for holding; refrigerate perishables within 2 hours, 1 hour above 90 degrees F.

HACCP seven principles: hazard analysis, critical control points, critical limits, monitoring, corrective actions, verification, record keeping.

Maillard browning is a reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars producing brown color and flavor; caramelization is sugar pyrolysis without protein.

Collagen converts to gelatin with moist heat and time; acid and enzymes (papain, bromelain) tenderize by breaking protein bonds.

Natural cellulosic fibers (cotton, linen) are absorbent, burn with a paper odor and gray ash; protein fibers (wool, silk) burn with a hair odor and crushable black bead.

Synthetic fibers (polyester, nylon, acrylic) are thermoplastic, melt and shrink from heat, and burn with a chemical odor and hard bead; they are oleophilic and hold oily stains.

Yarn twist: higher twist increases strength and smoothness up to a point; S-twist and Z-twist directions affect pilling, luster, and hand.

Fabric construction categories: woven (warp and weft interlacing, stable), knit (interlocking loops, stretchy), nonwoven (bonded fibers, no grain).

Woven weaves: plain (balanced, strong), twill (diagonal wale, durable), satin (floats, lustrous, snag-prone); knits: weft (jersey) vs. warp (tricot).

Care labeling: permanent care labels are required in the U.S. under the Care Labeling Rule; fiber content and country of origin disclosure are required by the Textile Fiber Products Identification Act.

Design elements are line, shape/form, space, texture, and color; principles are balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion/scale, and harmony/unity.

Color schemes: monochromatic (one hue), analogous (adjacent hues), complementary (opposite hues), split-complementary, triadic; value is lightness/darkness, intensity is saturation.

Housing decisions weigh needs vs. wants, mobility, life-cycle stage, and affordability guidelines such as housing costs at or below roughly 30 percent of gross income.

Family and Consumer Sciences national standards are organized around areas of study including career, community and family connections; consumer and family resources; education and early childhood; food and nutrition; housing and interior design; human development; textiles and apparel.

Work-based learning models: job shadowing, internships, cooperative education, apprenticeships, and service learning; each pairs classroom instruction with supervised field experience.

Career development theory: Super's life-span, life-space model (growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline) and Holland's RIASEC typology (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional).

Formative assessment informs instruction during learning (exit tickets, labs, observation checklists); summative assessment measures achievement at the end (projects, exams, portfolios).

Backward design (Wiggins and McTighe): identify desired results, determine acceptable evidence, then plan learning experiences and instruction.

Laboratory safety in foods and textiles settings requires documented safety tests before tool use, eye protection where required, and a written emergency plan; FERPA protects student education records.

Career and technical student organizations (FCCLA, for example) build leadership and employability skills through competitive events aligned to program content.

Differentiation adjusts content, process, or product based on readiness, interest, and learning profile; Universal Design for Learning addresses multiple means of engagement, representation, and action/expression.