MTTC Family and Consumer Sciences (040) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight, developing in Piaget's sensorimotor stage, typically between about eight and twelve months of age.

Authoritative parenting

A style combining high warmth with high behavioral expectations, using reasoning and open communication; it is associated with the most favorable child adjustment outcomes.

Secure attachment

An attachment pattern in which an infant explores freely when the caregiver is present, shows distress at separation, and is readily comforted on reunion.

Conservation (Piaget)

The recognition that quantity, mass, or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or container shape; it emerges in the concrete operational stage around age seven.

Family life cycle

A sequence of predictable stages from leaving home through later life, each requiring families to renegotiate roles, rules, and boundaries as members enter and leave.

Triangulation

A family systems pattern in which tension between two members is deflected by drawing a third member into the conflict, reducing anxiety but preventing direct resolution.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next-best alternative given up when a resource is committed to one use; it applies to time and energy as well as money.

Rule of 72

A shortcut estimating the years needed for an investment to double by dividing 72 by the annual percentage return; at six percent, doubling takes about twelve years.

Compound interest

Interest calculated on both the original principal and previously accumulated interest, producing exponential growth described by A equals P times one plus r over n raised to nt.

Annual percentage rate

The yearly cost of credit expressed as a percentage, incorporating periodic interest and certain fees, allowing borrowers to compare loan offers on a common basis.

Fixed versus variable expenses

Fixed expenses stay roughly constant each period, such as rent or insurance; variable expenses fluctuate with use, such as groceries, utilities, and fuel.

Pay-yourself-first budgeting

A budgeting method that treats a savings contribution as a nonnegotiable fixed expense deducted at the start of each period, before discretionary spending occurs.

Needs versus wants

A classification distinguishing items required for health, safety, and basic functioning from optional items that improve comfort or enjoyment but are not essential.

Essential amino acids

Nine amino acids the body cannot synthesize in adequate amounts (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine) and must obtain from food.

Complete protein

A protein food supplying all nine essential amino acids in amounts sufficient to support growth and maintenance, exemplified by eggs, milk, meat, soy, and quinoa.

Temperature danger zone

The range in which bacteria multiply rapidly, generally 40 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit under the FDA Food Code, with 41 to 135 degrees used for holding.

HACCP

A preventive food safety system with seven principles: hazard analysis, critical control points, critical limits, monitoring, corrective actions, verification, and record keeping.

Maillard reaction

Nonenzymatic browning between amino acids and reducing sugars that creates brown color and savory flavor, as in seared meat, toasted bread, and roasted coffee.

Caramelization

Browning produced by heating sugars alone without proteins, developing color and flavor as sucrose breaks down, as in caramel sauce or browned onions.

MyPlate

A USDA food guidance icon dividing the plate into about half fruits and vegetables, one quarter grains, one quarter lean protein, plus a dairy serving.

Gelatinization

The process in which starch granules absorb water and swell when heated, thickening a mixture; cooling allows the network to set into a gel.

Burn test identification

A fiber test reading flame behavior, odor, and residue: cellulose burns like paper with gray ash, protein smells like hair with a crushable bead, synthetics melt into a hard bead.

Twill weave

A woven structure in which weft yarns cross over two or more warp yarns in a stepped pattern, producing a diagonal wale and a durable, soil-hiding fabric such as denim.

Satin weave

A weave with long floats crossing few interlacing points, giving high luster and a smooth hand but low abrasion resistance and a tendency to snag.

Jersey knit

A weft-knit fabric of interlocking loops that stretches, curls at the edges, and shows a smooth face and a purled back, common in t-shirts.

Design elements

The building blocks of design: line, shape or form, space, texture, and color, which are arranged using principles such as balance, rhythm, and emphasis.

Complementary color scheme

A color plan using two hues opposite each other on the color wheel, producing maximum contrast and vivid emphasis when one hue dominates.

Care Labeling Rule

A Federal Trade Commission rule requiring manufacturers to attach permanent care instructions to clothing, giving washing, drying, ironing, and warning information.

Super's life-span theory

A career development model in which vocational self-concept evolves through growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline stages across the lifespan.

Holland RIASEC typology

A career matching framework grouping interests and work environments into realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional types, with satisfaction highest when person and environment match.

Formative assessment

Ongoing checks during instruction, such as exit tickets, lab observations, and questioning, used to adjust teaching rather than to assign a final grade.

Backward design

A planning approach that starts by identifying desired results, then determines acceptable evidence of learning, and finally designs instruction and learning experiences.