PSLCE Chichewa cheat sheet

Mau otsatila mawu a mtsogoleri wa kukambirana amasonyeza kuti ukumvetsa: 'inde', 'ndithu', 'ndi zoona', 'mukutanthauza kuti...'

Mawu osonyeza kusagwirizana mwaulemu: 'ndikuganiza mosiyana', 'koma mwina', 'sindikudziwa koma' - osati 'ayi basi' mwachipongwe.

Mawu oyitanira munthu kuti ayankhe kapena kupitiriza: 'bwanji', 'nanga', 'mukuona bwanji', 'tchulani mwachidule'.

Kumvetsera kokhazikika kumafuna kuzindikira mawu ofunsa (ndani, chiyani, liti, kuti, bwanji, chifukwa chiyani) ndi kuyankha mwachindunji.

Mawu osonyeza kumaliza kukambirana: 'zikomo', 'tiwonana', 'pita bwino', 'tsalani bwino'.

Kulankhula pa msonkhano: yambani ndi moni, perekani mutu, fotokozani mfundo imodzi pa nthawi imodzi, ndipo malizani ndi chidule.

Mawu ofotokoza kukana mwaulemu: 'pepani, sindingathe', 'ndikukupepesa koma', 'mwina nthawi ina'.

Kumvetsera mawu a munthu wina kumafuna kubwereza mfundo yake musanayankhe: 'mukunena kuti... ndi zoona?'

Chilembo chachikulu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiyambi cha chiganizo, pa mayina a anthu ndi malo, ndi pa chiyambi cha mutu wa nkhani.

Mawu a m'chinenero cha Chichewa amalembedwa osiyana: 'pa', 'mu', 'ku' amalembedwa padera ndi dzina lotsatira (pa munda, mu nyumba, ku sukulu).

Mawu ophatikizidwa monga 'ndiye', 'koma', 'chifukwa' amalembedwa ngati liwu limodzi ndipo amagwirizanitsa zigawo za chiganizo.

Chiganizo chabwino chimakhala ndi mneni ndi mutu; chiganizo chopanda mneni ndi chosakwanira m'kalata kapena nkhani.

Kuwerenga mwamphamvu kumafuna kupuma pa chikomo (comma) ndi pa mfundo (full stop), ndi kusintha mawu pa funso.

Zizindikiro za mawu: mfundo (.) kumaliza chiganizo; funso (?) kumaliza funso; chikomo (,) kupuma pang'ono; kolonii (:) kuyambitsa mndandanda.

Kalata imakhala ndi mutu wa kalata, moni, thupi la kalata, ndi chidule ndi siginecha; kalata yovomerezeka imakhala ndi adilesi ndi deti.

Kuwerenga bwino kumafuna kuzindikira mawu a m'chiganizo ndi kufotokoza tanthauzo la chiganizo m'mawu ake.

Mawu ofanana (synonyms) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mawu osasintha tanthauzo: 'wamkulu' ndi 'waukulu', 'kukondwa' ndi 'kukondwera'.

Mawu otsutsana (antonyms) amasonyeza tanthauzo losiyana: 'wamtali' ndi 'wamfupi', 'kuchuluka' ndi 'kuchepa'.

Mawu a m'gulu limodzi (hyponyms) amagwirizanitsa: 'mphaka', 'galu', 'ng'ombe' ndi 'nyama'.

Mawu obwereka kuchokera ku Chingerezi amalembedwa m'njira ya Chichewa: 'sukulu', 'buku', 'moto', 'tebulo'.

Mawu a m'dera (dialect) amasiyana: 'chimanga' ndi 'mtama' ndi zina malinga ndi dera; gwiritsani ntchito mawu omwe amveka kwa anthu onse.

Mawu ophatikiza (compound) amapangidwa ndi mawu awiri: 'munthu wamkazi' ndi 'mkazi', 'mtsogoleri wa dziko'.

Mawu osonyeza nthawi amasintha mneni: 'dzulo' (kale), 'lero' (panopa), 'mawa' (tsogolo).

Mawu osonyeza kuchuluka amatsatira dzina: 'ana awiri', 'anthu ambiri', 'nyumba zisanu'.

Mneni amagwirizanitsa ndi mutu wa chiganizo mwa chiganizo: 'Inetu ndimapita', 'iwe umapita', 'iyeyu amapita', 'ife timapita', 'inu mumapita', 'iwo amapita'.

Mawu osonyeza nthawi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mneni: 'ndinapita' (kale), 'ndikupita' (panopa), 'ndidzapita' (tsogolo).

Mneni wa chikhalidwe (copula) ndi 'ndi': 'Ine ndine mphunzitsi', 'Iwe ndiwe wophunzira'.

Mawu ofunsa amayamba ndi mawu ofunsa: 'Kodi...?', 'Ndi chiyani...?', 'Uti...?' ndipo amatha ndi funso.

Mawu otsutsa (negative) amapangidwa ndi 'si-': 'sindimapita', 'sumapita', 'sakupita'.

Mawu osonyeza m'kati (locative) amagwiritsa ntchito 'mu', 'pa', 'ku': 'm'nyumba', 'pamtengo', 'kusukulu'.

Mawu ophatikiza mneni ndi mneni (auxiliary) amatsatira: 'ndikufuna kupita', 'ndiyenera kuchita', 'ndimatha kuwerenga'.

Mawu osonyeza umwini (possessive) amatsatira dzina: 'buku langa', 'nyumba yake', 'ana athu'.

Miyambo imakhala ndi tanthauzo lakuya losiyana ndi mawu ake enieni: 'kugwira ntchito ndi manja awiri' = kuchita khama.

Miyambo yodziwika: 'Mkono umodzi suphwanya mutu' = anthu ayenera kugwirizana.

Miyambo: 'Chikopa cha njovu ndi chachikulu koma chimatha' = chinthu chachikulu chingathe kuchitika.

Miyambo: 'Mwana wosowa amalira yekha' = munthu amene sakumvera alangizidwa amavutika yekha.

Miyambo: 'Kalulu sadya udzu wa pa munda wake' = munthu samavutitsa anthu a pafupi.

Miyambo: 'Kuwona mbali ndi kuwona' = kuyang'ana mbali imodzi sikukwanira kuweruza.

Miyambo: 'Moto umatha ndi madzi' = vuto limathetsedwa ndi njira yoyenera.

Miyambo: 'Chuma cha munthu ndi manja ake' = munthu amapeza chuma mwa kugwira ntchito.

Werengani mutu ndi chiganizo choyamba cha ndime iliyonse kuti muzindikire mutu waukulu wa nkhani.

Fufuzani mawu ofunika a m'ndime: ndani, chiyani, liti, kuti, bwanji, chifukwa chiyani.

Mawu osonyeza kutsutsana (koma, komabe, ngakhale) amasonyeza kusintha kwa mfundo; mawu osonyeza zotsatira (choncho, kotero) amasonyeza chidule.

Funso la 'tanthauzo la mawu m'ndime' limafuna kuwerenga chiganizo chonse, osati mawu okha.

Funso la 'maganizo a wolemba' limafuna kusankha mfundo imene wolemba amatsimikizira, osati imene ili m'ndime mwachindunji.

Nkhani zambiri zimakhala ndi chiyambi, thupi, ndi chimaliziro; mfundo yaikulu imapezeka m'chimaliziro kapena m'chiyambi.

Werengani mwachangu poyamba kuti mumvetse mutu, kenako werengani mwadzama kufufuza mfundo zenizeni.

Mawu osonyeza nthawi (kale, panopa, tsogolo) amathandiza kuzindikira dongosolo la zochitika m'nkhani.

Nkhani imakhala ndi chiyambi (moni ndi mutu), thupi (mfundo ziwiri kapena zitatu), ndi chimaliziro (chidule ndi maganizo).

Kalata yovomerezeka imakhala ndi adilesi ya wolemba, deti, adilesi ya wolandira, moni, thupi, ndi siginecha.

Kalata yaubwenzi imakhala ndi moni wachikondi, nkhani zaumwini, ndi chidule monga 'Wako', 'Wanu'.

Gwiritsani ntchito mawu osavuta ndi chiganizo chachidule kuti nkhani imveke bwino.

Perekani mfundo imodzi pa ndime imodzi; ndime yaikulu ndi yayitali kuposa zina.

Nkhani yabwino imakhala ndi mawu osonyeza dongosolo: 'choyamba', 'kenako', 'pambuyo pake', 'pomaliza'.

Kalata yofunsa kapena yopempha imakhala ndi chifukwa, pempho, ndi chidule cha zikomo.

Musagwiritse ntchito mawu achipongwe kapena mawu osamveka m'kalata; sungani mawu aulemu ndi osavuta.