SPM Biology study plan

Build a labelled diagram set of plant and animal cell organelles from memory and state one function for each structure

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organisation in a written table covering nucleus, membrane-bound organelles and ribosomes

Explain how cell organisation progresses from cell to tissue to organ to system using one plant and one animal example

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and predict the effect of temperature on membrane permeability

Trace water and mineral ion movement from soil through root hair cells, cortex, endodermis and xylem, naming the transport process at each step

Explain transpiration pull, cohesion-tension and root pressure as mechanisms of water ascent

Interpret a potometer experiment and identify the variables that must be controlled

Relate leaf structure (stomata, guard cells, spongy mesophyll) to gas exchange and water loss

Describe translocation in the phloem using the pressure-flow hypothesis with source and sink examples

Describe the stages of mitosis and state the significance of each checkpoint in growth and repair

Explain meiosis I and II and contrast the outcomes with mitosis in a table of chromosome number, daughter cells and genetic variation

Explain how crossing over and independent assortment generate genetic variation

Describe DNA structure and semi-conservative replication, and outline protein synthesis from transcription to translation

Describe the cardiac cycle, naming systole and diastole phases and the valves that prevent backflow

Interpret a graph of pressure and volume changes in the left ventricle and relate it to valve opening

Explain how the SA node, AV node and Purkinje fibres coordinate heartbeat, and describe the effect of adrenaline

Describe gas exchange at the alveoli and explain how emphysema reduces surface area

Describe nephron structure and explain ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion

Explain how ADH and negative feedback regulate water potential of body fluids

Compare the roles of insulin and glucagon in blood glucose homeostasis

Explain how the loop of Henle and collecting duct produce concentrated urine

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares and state phenotypic ratios

Apply the test cross to determine an unknown genotype and explain why it works

Distinguish codominance, incomplete dominance and multiple alleles using blood groups as the worked example

Interpret pedigree charts to determine modes of inheritance, including sex linkage

Describe the principles of genetic engineering using insulin production as the case study

Construct food webs from given organism lists and identify trophic levels, producers and decomposers

Calculate energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels and explain the 10% rule

Describe the carbon and nitrogen cycles, naming the bacteria responsible for each transformation

Explain eutrophication, biological magnification and greenhouse effect as consequences of human activity

Evaluate one conservation strategy and one sustainable resource management strategy with named evidence

Complete two full timed mock papers under exam conditions and mark them strictly

Rank all five domains by mock score and allocate revision time to the two weakest

Rewrite every incorrect answer as a correct statement in a condensed error sheet

Practise data-response and experiment-design questions, focusing on variable control and validity