SPM Turath Dirasat Islamiah flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mutawatir hadith

A report transmitted by so many narrators at every level of the chain that agreement on a lie is impossible, yielding certain knowledge.

Isnad

The chain of narrators linking a hadith back to the Prophet; its integrity determines the authenticity of the report.

Matn

The actual text or wording of a hadith after the chain of narrators, subject to separate scrutiny for internal consistency.

Sahih hadith

A hadith with trustworthy, precise narrators in a connected chain, free from shudhudh and hidden defect, and therefore authentic.

Hadith mursal

A report where a Tabi'i narrates directly from the Prophet, omitting the Companion; its authority is disputed among scholars.

Hadith mawdu'

A fabricated hadith attributed falsely to the Prophet; it is forbidden to narrate it as authentic without clarifying its status.

Al-Jarh wa al-Ta'dil

The science of assessing narrators as trustworthy or weak, governing the credibility of the isnad and the authenticity of hadith.

Tawhid al-uluhiyyah

The belief that Allah alone deserves worship; directing any act of worship to other than Him is shirk.

Tawhid al-rububiyyah

The belief that Allah alone creates, sustains, and governs the universe, a point even the pre-Islamic Arabs acknowledged.

Qadar

Allah's eternal knowledge, writing, will, and creation of all things, including human acts which humans acquire (kasb).

Shirk asghar

Minor shirk such as riya', showing off in worship, which does not remove one from Islam but nullifies the reward of the act.

Iman in Ahl al-Sunnah

Belief in the heart, affirmation on the tongue, and action with the limbs; it increases with obedience and decreases with sin.

Tahrif

Distorting the meaning of Allah's names and attributes away from their apparent sense; a condemned approach in Sunni creed.

Nisab of zakat

The minimum wealth threshold at which zakat becomes due: about 85 grams of gold or 595 grams of silver.

Zakat al-fitr

A charity due before the Eid prayer, roughly one sa' of staple food per person, obligatory on anyone with surplus food for the day.

Wudu' nullifiers

Anything exiting the two passages, deep sleep, and loss of consciousness; touching the opposite sex nullifies it in the Shafi'i school only.

Ghusl pillars

Intention, covering the whole body with water, and removing impurity; required after janabah, menstruation, and nifas.

Hajj conditions

Obligatory once in a lifetime for the adult Muslim who is physically able and can afford the journey and its expenses.

Hijrah

The Prophet's migration from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE, marking the start of the Hijri calendar established by 'Umar.

Battle of Badr

The first major battle in 2 AH, where about 313 Muslims defeated roughly 1,000 Quraysh, a turning point for the community.

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

A ten-year truce concluded in 6 AH between the Prophet and Quraysh, later violated by Quraysh and followed by the conquest of Makkah.

Khutbat al-Wada'

The Farewell Sermon at 'Arafah in 10 AH, affirming the sanctity of life and property and the equality of all believers.

Tafsir bil-ma'thur

Exegesis based on the Quran, the Sunnah, and the sayings of the Companions, transmitted rather than reasoned independently.

Asbab al-nuzul

The recorded occasions and circumstances that prompted particular Quranic revelations, clarifying meaning and preventing misapplication.

Nasikh and mansukh

Abrogating and abrogated rulings, where a later Quranic or prophetic ruling replaces an earlier one while the earlier verse may remain recited.

Muqatta'at

The disjointed letters opening certain surahs, such as Alif Lam Mim, whose precise meaning is ultimately with Allah.

I'jaz al-Quran

The inimitability of the Quran in language, law, and information; the challenge to produce a surah like it remains unmet.

Makki and Madani

Classification by revelation period: Makki surahs stress creed and the Hereafter, while Madani surahs address law and community.

Hadith qudsi

A report conveying a meaning from Allah in the Prophet's own wording; it is not Quran and is not recited in salah.

Muhkam and mutashabih

Muhkam verses are clear and decisive, while mutashabih verses admit more than one reading and are referred to the muhkam.

Ghibah

Speaking about a person in their absence in a way they would dislike; buhtan is the graver sin of false accusation.

Birr al-walidayn

Kindness and obedience to parents, commanded in the Quran alongside tawhid; even a word of contempt is forbidden.