STPM Bahasa Arab 913 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

I'rab of sound masculine plural

Sound masculine plural takes ونَ in the nominative (raf') and ينَ in the accusative and genitive (nasb and jarr). The nun may drop in idafah, leaving و or ي.

Kana and its sisters

Verbs such as كان، أصبح، صار، ليس enter a nominal sentence and make the mubtada' their ism in raf' and the khabar in nasb: كان الطالبُ مجتهدًا.

Inna and its sisters

Particles أنّ، إنّ، كأنّ، لكنّ، ليت، لعلّ reverse kana's effect: the ism takes nasb and the khabar takes raf': إنّ اللهَ غفورٌ.

Maf'ul mutlaq function

A verbal noun (masdar) mansub following its verb to emphasise or specify the manner: فرحتُ فرحًا شديدًا. It is not the direct object.

Hollow verb jazm marker

In a hollow verb (الأجوف) whose middle letter is 'illah, the jazm marker is deletion of that middle letter: يقول → لم يقل.

Tamyiz versus hal

Tamyiz is a mansub noun removing ambiguity of quantity or substance (اشتريت رطلًا زيتًا); hal describes the state of the subject or object at the action's occurrence.

Main idea versus supporting detail

The main idea states what the whole passage asserts; a supporting detail only illustrates it. A correct main-idea option must cover every paragraph, not one example.

Pronoun reference resolution

To identify a pronoun's referent (مرجع الضمير), locate the nearest preceding noun agreeing in gender and number that fits the sentence meaning; a later noun is usually a distractor.

Inference question strategy

An inference (استنتاج) answer is not printed literally in the text. Eliminate options quoting a sentence verbatim and options adding facts the passage never implies.

Contrast signal words

لكن، غير أنّ، بيد أنّ، في المقابل signal a reversal of expectation. The sentence after them often carries the author's real position and the answer to purpose questions.

Essay introduction function

The مقدمة states the topic, the writer's thesis, and the plan in two or three lines. It must not contain detailed evidence, which belongs in the عرض paragraphs.

Formal register markers

Fusha composition avoids colloquial vocabulary, foreign loanwords with Arabic equivalents, and contractions. Use classical connectors such as ومن ثمّ، علاوة على ذلك، خلاصة القول.

Counter-argument requirement

A strong argumentative essay presents the opposing view (الرأي المخالف), then refutes it with evidence. Omitting it weakens the evaluation and content marks.

Hamzat wasl versus qat'

Hamzat wasl is pronounced only at the start of speech and drops after a preceding word (استخدم، انطلق). Hamzat qat' is always pronounced (أكرم، إسراف).

Idafah reversal in translation

An Arabic possessive construct reads back-to-front in Malay: باب البيت becomes 'pintu rumah'. The second Arabic noun is the possessor and comes first in Malay.

Arabic adjective position

The Arabic adjective follows its noun and agrees in definiteness, gender, number, and case. Malay places the adjective before the noun: سيارة جديدة → 'kereta baharu'.

Verb-initial sentence translation

An Arabic verbal sentence (jumlah fi'liyyah) usually becomes subject-first in Malay: وصل المسافرون → 'Para pengembara itu telah tiba'.

Arabic dual in Malay

Arabic dual forms carry the meaning 'two'. Malay has no dual inflection, so render with 'dua' plus a classifier: طالبان → 'dua orang pelajar'.

Translating passive voice

Arabic passive forms (كُتب، يُعتبر، وُجد) map naturally onto Malay di- verbs: ditulis, dianggap, ditemui. Preserve the agent only when the Arabic text states it.

Mu'allaqat definition

The Mu'allaqat are seven (some say ten) celebrated pre-Islamic odes. Poets include Imru' al-Qays, Zuhayr, Antara, and Labid; they open with the abandoned-campsite motif.

Al-Mutanabbi characteristics

Abbasid poet famed for fakhr and madh, dense hikmah lines, and complex imagery. His verse is a standard source for grammar and balaghah examples in examinations.

Maqama genre

A rhymed-prose anecdote with a narrator and a witty rogue hero, developed by al-Hamadhani and al-Hariri. It showcases saj' (rhymed prose) and lexical virtuosity.

Diwan school poets

The Diwan school (al-'Aqqad, al-Mazini, Shukri) rejected neo-classical imitation, favoured emotional sincerity and organic unity, and criticised Shawqi's occasional verse.

Tashbih pillars

Simile has four pillars: the compared (مشبه), the compared-to (مشبه به), the tool (كـ، مثل، كأنّ), and the shared quality (وجه الشبه). Deleting tool and quality yields baligh simile.

Isti'ara types

Metaphor is a simile with one pillar deleted. Tasrihiyya names the borrowed image explicitly; makniyya keeps the original and implies the borrowed one, as in ابتسم الصباح.

Kinaya definition

Kinaya mentions something to imply another meaning without a comparison tool, e.g. طويل اليد for generosity or theft by context. It differs from metaphor by lacking explicit comparison.

Tibaq versus jinas

Tibaq pairs two opposites (الليل والنهار). Jinas pairs two words similar in form but different in meaning. Both belong to علم البديع and create emphasis or rhythm.

Qasr construction

Qasr restricts a predicate to its subject using ما...إلا، إنما، or definite-then-indefinite order: ما نجح إلا المجتهد. It asserts exclusivity and strengthens argument.

Khabar versus insha'

Khabar is a statement that can be true or false. Insha' cannot (command, prohibition, question, wish, oath) and is used for persuasion, emotion, or appeal to the reader.

Zakat rate and nisab

Zakat on wealth is 2.5% once a lunar year passes above nisab. Zakat fitrah is one sa' of staple food per person, due before the Eid al-Fitr prayer.

Hajj rites order

Ihram, tawaf al-qudum, sa'i, then on 8 Dhu al-Hijjah Mina, 9 Arafah, Muzdalifah, stoning of jamarat, sacrifice, and tawaf al-ifada.

Arabic prosody buhur

Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad codified sixteen metres (بحور). Each is defined by repeated feet (تفعيلات) such as فعولن، مستفعلن، متفاعلن; scansion identifies metre and rhyme.