STPM Bahasa Arab 913 key terms

System of assigning case and mood endings to words according to their grammatical role in the sentence, together with the reasoning behind each ending.

State of a word carrying ḍammah or its substitutes, marking roles such as subject of a nominal sentence, agent of a verb, or predicate.

State of a word carrying fatḥah or its substitutes, marking roles such as direct object, circumstantial accusative, or predicate of kāna.

State of an imperfect verb carrying sukūn or its substitutes after a jussive particle such as lam, lammā, or li-, showing negation or command.

Two-part nominal sentence: the topic introduced first, normally definite and nominative, and the predicate that completes its meaning, also nominative in the basic pattern.

Group of incomplete verbs, including kāna, aṣbaḥa, ẓalla, and laysa, that enter a nominal sentence and put its topic in the nominative and its predicate in the accusative.

Particles such as inna, anna, ka-anna, and la'alla that enter a nominal sentence, making the topic accusative and the predicate nominative, often adding emphasis or doubt.

Doer of a verb, always nominative, never placed before its verb in the standard order, and never made dual or plural by adding a feminine marker.

Direct object, the entity affected by the action of a transitive verb, normally accusative and placed after the agent.

Element promoted to agent position when a passive verb has no stated doer; it takes the nominative and the verb stays singular.

Passive verb form in which the vowel pattern changes, for example kataba becoming kutiba, so the doer is omitted and the object takes its place.

Genitive construction joining two nouns: the first loses tanwīn and definiteness, the second takes the genitive and specifies or possesses the first.

State of a noun carrying kasrah or its substitutes, occurring after a preposition or as the second term of a genitive construction.

Words that follow another word in case and function: adjectives, appositives, conjunctions, and substitutes, agreeing with what precedes them.

Adjective that describes a preceding noun and agrees with it in definiteness, gender, number, and case.

Substitute noun that replaces or clarifies a preceding noun and takes the same case ending as that noun.

Noun joined to a preceding noun by a conjunction such as wa or thumma, sharing the first noun's case ending.

Particles that put an imperfect verb in the jussive, such as lam, lammā, li-, and the conditional in and man, sometimes dropping the final vowel.

Particles such as an, lan, kay, and li- that put an imperfect verb in the subjunctive, usually marked by a final fatḥah.

Fixed vowel-and-consonant template, such as faʿala or mafʿūl, used to classify verb and noun patterns and to derive related forms.

Three or four root consonants that carry a word's core meaning and from which derived verbs and nouns are formed by adding patterns and affixes.

Verbal noun naming the action without time, used as the base for derived nouns and often functioning like an English gerund.

Participle naming the one who performs an action, formed from the verb on patterns such as fāʿil or mufʿil.

Participle naming the one or thing that receives an action, formed on patterns such as mafʿūl or mufʿal.

Classification of roots: sound roots contain no weak letters, while weak roots contain wāw, yā', or alif, which may change or drop in conjugation.

Two kinds of glottal stop: the connective one is pronounced at the start of speech but dropped within it, while the cutting one is always pronounced.

Central idea that a paragraph or whole passage develops, usually stated in a topic sentence and supported by details.

Drawing a conclusion not stated directly by combining clues in the text with general knowledge and the writer's implied stance.

Surrounding words, sentences, and situation that determine the intended meaning of a word or statement.

Unit of writing built around one controlling idea, opening with a topic sentence and closing with a linking or concluding sentence.

Cohesion achieved through connectors, pronoun reference, and repetition so that sentences and paragraphs hold together logically.

Conjunctions and transitional expressions such as wa, lākin, li-dhālika, and min thammata that signal addition, contrast, cause, or result.

Argumentative writing that states a claim, supports it with evidence and reasoning, and answers counterarguments to persuade the reader.

Literal translation that keeps the source's word order and structure, often producing awkward or unclear target text.

Translation that conveys the source meaning in natural target-language style, adjusting structure and idiom rather than copying form.

Technical term with a settled meaning in a field, requiring a consistent and recognized equivalent in the target language.

Simile comparing two things through an explicit particle such as ka-, mithl, or ka-anna, stating the shared quality.

Metaphor in which one term of a comparison is deleted, so an object is described with a word proper to something else.

Figurative use of a word beyond its literal sense, including metaphor and metonymy, understood through context and shared convention.

Allusion that names an attribute while intending the person or thing described, without using a comparison particle.

Rhetorical pairing of opposites in one phrase, such as night and day, to sharpen contrast and reinforce meaning.

Wordplay between two words similar in form but different in meaning, adding rhythm and emphasis to prose or verse.

Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry known for its ode form, desert imagery, praise, satire, and elegy, and for its role as a record of tribal values.

Seven or ten celebrated pre-Islamic odes, including those of Imru' al-Qays and Zuhayr, prized for their polished language and imagery.

Final rhyme sound and pattern that closes each verse, giving a poem its musical unity and often its title in classical criticism.

Artistic prose genre featuring a narrator and a witty trickster hero, written in rhymed prose and displaying verbal virtuosity.

Rhymed prose in which successive clauses end with the same sound, a hallmark of classical Arabic oratory and maqāmah writing.

Art of public speech in classical Arab culture, judged by clarity, persuasive structure, and apt quotation of poetry and proverb.

Proverbs and proverbial sayings that compress communal wisdom into a memorable image and are often quoted to settle an argument.