Mozambique IACM Private Pilot (PPL-A) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

VFR visibility minima

In controlled airspace (class C/D), VFR flight requires flight visibility of at least 5 km and cloud clearance of 1500 m horizontally and 300 m vertically.

Right-of-way rules

When aircraft converge, the one on the right has right-of-way; head-on both turn right; overtaking aircraft must keep clear of the overtaken aircraft.

Emergency squawk codes

Squawk 7700 for general emergency, 7600 for radio failure, and 7500 for unlawful interference (hijacking).

Mayday vs Pan-Pan

Mayday is the distress call for grave and imminent danger; Pan-Pan is the urgency call for urgent but non-immediate danger.

Hypoxia symptoms

Hypoxia causes euphoria, impaired judgment, headache, and cyanosis; time of useful consciousness at FL350 is about 30–60 seconds.

Hyperventilation treatment

Hyperventilation causes dizziness and tingling; treat by slowing breathing and rebreathing into a bag to increase carbon dioxide levels.

Spatial disorientation

Spatial disorientation is a false perception of aircraft attitude; trust instruments and avoid sudden head movements in IMC.

Night vision

Night vision relies on rods, which are sensitive to light but poor for detail and color; allow 30 minutes for dark adaptation.

Standard atmosphere

Standard atmosphere at sea level: pressure 1013.25 hPa, temperature 15°C, and lapse rate 2°C per 1000 ft up to 36,000 ft.

QNH vs QFE

QNH is altimeter setting to indicate altitude above sea level; QFE indicates height above aerodrome elevation.

Cumulonimbus hazards

Cumulonimbus clouds contain severe turbulence, icing, hail, lightning, and microbursts; avoid by at least 20 km.

Carburettor icing conditions

Carburettor icing is most likely at temperatures between -5°C and +15°C with high humidity; use carburettor heat as a preventive measure.

Phonetic alphabet

The ICAO phonetic alphabet uses words like Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.

Initial ATC call

Initial call to ATC should include aircraft identification, position, altitude, and request (e.g., "Cessna 172, 10 miles south, 2000 ft, request joining instructions").

Read-back items

Pilots must read back ATC clearances, runway in use, altimeter settings, headings, altitudes, frequencies, and transponder codes.

Lost communication procedure

If radio failure, squawk 7600, continue VFR, land at nearest suitable aerodrome, and report to ATC by telephone.

Lift formula

Lift = ½ ρ V² S CL, where ρ is air density, V is true airspeed, S is wing area, and CL is coefficient of lift.

Stall speed factors

Stall speed increases with weight and load factor; at 60° bank, load factor is 2 and stall speed increases by about 41%.

Induced vs parasite drag

Induced drag decreases with speed, parasite drag increases with square of speed; total drag is minimum at best glide speed.

Vx and Vy

Vx is best angle of climb (maximum distance over ground), Vy is best rate of climb (maximum altitude gain per time); Vx increases with altitude.

Engine failure after takeoff

Lower the nose to maintain best glide speed (Vy), select a landing area, and do not turn back below 500 ft AGL.

Wake turbulence avoidance

Avoid wake turbulence by flying above and upwind of larger aircraft; on takeoff, rotate before the preceding aircraft's rotation point; on landing, touch down beyond its touchdown point.

Sterile cockpit

Sterile cockpit means no non-essential conversation or activity during taxi, takeoff, and landing; use written checklists for critical items.

Emergency descent

For emergency descent, use maximum descent speed (Vne or Vmo), deploy spoilers/flaps as appropriate, and turn away from traffic.

Density altitude formula

Density altitude = pressure altitude + 120 × (OAT − ISA temperature); high density altitude reduces aircraft performance.

Wind component calculation

Headwind component = wind speed × cos(angle between wind and runway); crosswind component = wind speed × sin(angle).

VFR fuel reserve

VFR fuel reserve is 30 minutes for day and 45 minutes for night; include taxi, trip, and contingency fuel in planning.

Weight and balance effects

Forward CG increases stall speed and landing distance; aft CG reduces stability and may cause unrecoverable stall.

Carburettor icing prevention

Use carburettor heat as a preventive measure when operating in temperatures between -5°C and +15°C with high humidity.

Altimeter settings

QNH gives altitude above sea level; QFE gives height above aerodrome; QNE (1013.25 hPa) gives flight level.

Magnetic variation

Magnetic variation is the angle between true north and magnetic north; east variation is subtracted from true heading, west variation is added.

Wind triangle

The wind triangle solves for heading, groundspeed, and drift by vector addition of true airspeed, wind speed, and direction.