NSSCO Oshindonga First Language 6100 cheat sheet

Okupopya pashigwana otaku landula omukalo: okwiiyapula aantu, okukwatakanitha omapopyo, nokuhugunina nelaka lyokuhugunina.

Okuuvitha nawa (active listening) otashi ti okutala komupopi, okukala nomutse po, nokuhwepo okupopya pehala limwe.

Epulo lyashili (open question) otali eta omayamukulo omale; epulo lyokugalula (closed question) otali eta 'eeno' nosho wo 'aawe'.

Omukalo gwokupopya (register) otagu yooloka: naakulu otaku longithwa 'Tate' nosho wo 'Meme', naakwawo otaku longithwa 'omukwetu'.

Ehangano (debate) otali landula omukalo: okwiiyapula, okugandja oshipotha, okupataneka, okugalula omapulo, nokuhugunina.

Okulesha kombanda yoshinano otaku pumbwa okulesha nawa, okugandja elaka, okuhwepo okukankama, nokutala kaaudhano.

Omapulo gokupulakena otaga pula omayamukulo ga za momukandanyolo, ihe inaga za owala moomwenyo dhomuuvithi mwene.

Okupopya kombanda yoshinano otaku vulu okukwatwa nokudhidhilikwa oondjambi dhimwe dhokukwatakanitha, pehala lyokulesha owala.

Okulesha kwokutya ko otaku landula omukalo: okutala komutwe, okulesha omukandanyolo, okugalula omapulo, nokulesha ishewe.

Okulesha mbya mbya (skimming) otaku kwatele kumwe omukundu; okumona (scanning) otaku kongo odata dhimwe, pashiholelwa esiku nenge edhina.

Omapulo gokulesha otaga vulu okupula omadhimbulukwa gomukandanyolo, omukundu, nenge omiti dhomuhangiki.

Okuhogolola otaku gandja omadhimbulukwa agehe gele, momalaka gomuhogoli mwene, nota landulathana ngaashi muukamoni.

Omapulo gokuuva ko (inference) otaga pula okutya ko shito, ihe oshitya shimwe ayike inashi shangwa momukandanyolo.

Omukandanyolo otagu vulu okukala gokuhokolola, gokufotota, gokupataneka, nenge gokugandja omayele; omukalo gwagu otagu ulike kweeta kwepulo.

Okugalula: gandja omayamukulo ga za momukandanyolo, ino gwedha omadhimbulukwa goye mwene.

Omutwe gwomukandanyolo otagu andjakela omukundu aguhe; oshitopolwa shimwe kehe otashi gandja omukundu gumwe ayike.

Ongudu dhomadhina otadhi gongele omadhina melongo lyimwe: 1 omu-/ova-, 3 omu-/omi-, 5 e-/oma-, 7 oshi-/ii-, 9 o-/oo-, 11 olu-, 12 oka-, 14 ou-, 15 oku-.

Oshikumikilo otashi landula ongudu: omuntu (1) 'a', ovantu (2) 'va', omuti (3) 'gu', omiti (4) 'dhi', epulo (5) 'li', omapulo (6) 'ga', oshikola (7) 'shi', iikulya (8) 'yi', ondjila (9) 'yi'.

Omapeka: 'onda li' (konima), 'ondi li' (ngashiingeyi), 'otandi ka' (komesho); oshitya shomapeka otashi kala pokati koshikumikilo noshitya shokuninga.

Okukala negumo (negation) otaku longithwa 'ka-' pamwe nomalaka '-i' nosho wo 'po'; pashiholelwa 'kandi shi shi', 'kandi na po'.

Oshitya shokuulika otashi ulike koshinima: 'omuntu nguka' (ongudu 1), 'ovantu ava' (2), 'oshikola shika' (7), 'iikulya yiika' (8).

Omalaka gokukwatakanitha: 'na' (and), 'ihe' (but), 'oshoka' (because), 'ngele' (if), 'opo' (so that), 'manga' (while/before).

Oshitya shokuninga otashi hugunina nomalaka '-a', '-e', '-i', '-o'; okuhugunina otaku ulike ethimbo nenge omukalo gwokupopya.

Omapulo: 'Olye?' (who), 'Oshike?' (what), 'Peni?' (where), 'Uunake?' (when), 'Ongapi?' (how many) - okapulapulo otaka longithwa mokupula owala.

Omaletter ga gwedhwa (digraphs) otaga shangwa kumwe: sh, th, dh, kh, gh, ny, ng, mb, nd, nj, nw, kw, gw, hw, sw, tw.

Omalaka gomutiyali ngaashi aa, ee, ii, oo, uu otaga shangwa kumwe notaga ulike ondondo yelaka: 'aantu', 'iikulya', 'oomeme', 'uunona'.

Oondanda dha pitilila otadhi shangwa kumwe gwomushangwa, momadhina gomuntu nosho wo giilongo, miihandja, nomanga ko uthike mokuhugunina.

Omatopelo ngaashi okapilika (,), oshitotwa (.), okapulapulo (?), oshitayi ('') nosho wo oshitopolwa (:) otaga yoolola omapopyo nokugandja omukalo gwokulesha.

Omapopyo gomuntu otaga shangwa mokati koshitayi (' '), nokapilika oka landula manga inaa pitithe oshitayi; edhina lyomupopi otali landula.

Omapopyo otaga yooloka: okupopya (declarative), okupula (interrogative), okulombwela (imperative), nokuholola (exclamatory).

Oshitya shimwe otashi shangwa koshipala shimwe; omadhina gomalongekidho otaga shangwa kumwe nenge ga yoolokathana, pashiholelwa 'omukanda gwopashigwana'.

Omukanda gwopashigwana ogu na, molandulathano: adresa yomushangi, datumu, adresa yomugwaneki, elaleko, omutwe gwomukundu, omukandanyolo, nokuhogolola nedhina lyomushangi.

Omukanda gwopaholike ogu na: edhina lyomukwetu, omukandanyolo gwopaholike, nokuhogolola nedhina lyomushangi; omukalo gwagu iha gu kala pashigwana.

Ombapila yokupula ompito (application letter) oyi na: adresa, datumu, omutwe, omukandanyolo, nokuhogolola; oyi longithwa okupula ompito yokulonga nenge yokukutha omukanda.

Ombapila yokumanyitha (notice) oyi na: omutwe, esiku, ethimbo, oshipala, noshinakugwanithwa; oyi shangwa momukalo omule nokwa yeluka.

Ombapila yomutumba oyi na agenda (omalandulathano gomapopyo) nosho wo minutes (omadhimbulukwa gomapopyo ga ningwa naga dhengelelwa).

Ombapila yomukanda gwokugandja omukandu oyi na: omutwe, omukandanyolo, nokuhogolola; otayi gandja omukandu gumwe owala.

Omukanda gwopashigwana iha gu longithwa omalaka gaholike ngaashi 'Hey' nenge 'Okay'; omalaka ngoka oga pumbwa okukala ga yeluka nokukala ga hoki.

Oshinano (essay) oshi na iitopolwa itatu: omakwatathano (introduction), omukandanyolo (body), nokuhogolola (conclusion).

Oshitopolwa shimwe kehe oshi na omutwe gwasho (topic sentence), omadhimbulukwa ga kwatela, noshitopolwa shokuhugunina.

Oshinano otashi vulu okukala shokuhokolola (narrative), shokufotota (descriptive), shokupataneka (argumentative), nenge shokugandja omayele (expository).

Omalaka gokukwatakanitha ngaashi 'oshoka', 'ihe', 'opo', 'ngele', 'kakele' otaga kwatakanitha iitopolwa nokugandja omukalo gwa yela.

Okulongekida otaku landula: okulesha epulo, okudhidhilika omadhimbulukwa, okulongekida omukandanyolo, nokuhogolola manga inaa pitithe omukandanyolo.

Oondjambi dhomukandanyolo omule otadhi thike po 350-400 words; okuhogolola otaku gandja oshipotha shimwe, iha shi gwedhe omadhimbulukwa gaantu.

Oshifo (prose) oshi na: ondjokonona (plot), omuholiki (setting), aaholiki (characters), omukundu (theme) nosho wo omukalo gwokushanga (style).

Ondjokonona oyi na omapokolo: omakwatathano, okukondjola (conflict), okukondja, nokuhugunina.

Aaholiki otaa yooloka: omuholiki gwopokati (protagonist) nosho wo omukondji (antagonist); aaholiki otaa vulu okukala aape nenge aakulu.

Oshidhanauka (poetry) oshi na: omutwe, omukandanyolo (stanza), omutungi (line), okukwatakanitha (rhyme), okupenga (rhythm) nosho wo omifano (imagery).

Omifano mOshidhanauka otayi kwatela okufananeka (simile), okuyeleka (metaphor), nokugandja ombudi (personification).

Oshiningwanima (drama) oshi na: oondjambi (acts), omatopolwa (scenes), omapopyo (dialogue) nosho wo omalombwelo gokupopya (stage directions).

Omukundu gwoshifo otagu holoka miinima ayihe, ihe iha gu kala oshiningwanima shimwe ayike; omuholiki ota gandja ethimbo nenge oshipala shokuninga.