NAEP flashcards
NAEP · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- NAEP Reading scale
- Reading scores are reported on a 0-500 scale at grades 4, 8, and 12, with achievement levels Basic, Proficient, and Advanced defined by grade-specific cut scores.
- Locate/recall
- A reading cognitive target requiring the reader to find explicitly stated information in a text, such as a specific fact, detail, or definition.
- Integrate/interpret
- A reading cognitive target requiring the reader to combine information across a text, make inferences, and explain relationships among ideas.
- Critique/evaluate
- A reading cognitive target requiring judgment about a text's quality, logic, or perspective, supported by evidence drawn from the text itself.
- Area of a triangle
- The area equals one-half times the base times the height: A = ½bh, where the height is perpendicular to the chosen base.
- Median vs. mean
- The median is the middle value of ordered data; the mean is the sum divided by the count. Outliers shift the mean more than the median.
- Pythagorean theorem
- In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the legs: a² + b² = c².
- Mathematical complexity levels
- NAEP mathematics rates items as low, moderate, or high complexity; high-complexity items require reasoning, justification, or multi-step analysis rather than routine recall.
- Controlled experiment
- An investigation that changes one independent variable while holding all other conditions constant so that effects on the dependent variable can be attributed to that variable.
- Hypothesis
- A testable prediction about the relationship between variables. Data can support or fail to support a hypothesis but cannot prove it conclusively.
- Cause of seasons
- Earth's seasons result from the tilt of Earth's axis relative to its orbit, which changes the angle and duration of sunlight, not from distance to the Sun.
- Energy in food chains
- Energy flows from producers to consumers and decreases at each trophic level, while matter cycles through the ecosystem.
- Writing purposes on NAEP
- NAEP Writing at grades 8 and 12 asks students to write to persuade, to explain, and to convey experience, each for a specified audience and purpose.
- Organization in writing
- The coherence of a piece: a clear structure, logical sequencing of ideas, effective transitions, and an introduction and conclusion suited to purpose and audience.
- Language facility
- A writing scoring dimension covering sentence variety, precise word choice, and control of grammar, spelling, and punctuation conventions.
- Elements of visual art
- Line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space, organized by principles such as balance, contrast, emphasis, pattern, movement, and unity.
- Responding in arts
- The artistic process of describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating a work using discipline-specific vocabulary and evidence from the work itself.
- Checks and balances
- Constitutional mechanisms by which each branch limits the others, including veto, override, judicial review, Senate confirmation, and impeachment.
- Federalism
- The division of power between a national government and state governments, with each level holding authority granted or reserved by the Constitution.
- Bill of Rights
- The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, protecting freedoms such as speech, press, assembly, religion, and due process of law.
- Amendment process
- An amendment is proposed by two-thirds of Congress or a national convention and ratified by three-fourths of the states.
- Latitude and longitude
- Latitude measures distance north or south of the equator; longitude measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.
- Push and pull factors
- Push factors drive people away from a place, such as conflict or unemployment; pull factors attract them, such as jobs or safety.
- Map projection distortion
- Because a sphere cannot be flattened without distortion, every map projection sacrifices accuracy in shape, area, distance, or direction.
- Opportunity cost
- The value of the next-best alternative given up when a choice is made; it exists because resources are scarce.
- Market equilibrium
- The price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied; above it a surplus arises, below it a shortage arises.
- Gross domestic product
- The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a given period, used as a measure of economic output.
- Civil War amendments
- The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, the Fourteenth granted citizenship and equal protection, and the Fifteenth protected voting regardless of race.
- Historical contextualization
- Interpreting a source by situating it in the time, place, and circumstances of its creation, including its author, audience, and purpose.
- Engineering design process
- An iterative cycle of defining a problem, generating ideas, building and testing prototypes, and optimizing against criteria and constraints.
- Systems and feedback
- A system transforms inputs into outputs through processes; feedback loops either amplify change (positive) or stabilize the system (negative).
- Digital citizenship
- Responsible technology use, including protecting personal data, evaluating source credibility, and respecting intellectual property and others online.