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National Latin Exam (NLE) study materials
National Latin Exam (NLE) study resources

National Latin Exam (NLE) practice questions

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Question 1Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In the sentence 'Poēta agricolae fābulam nārrat,' what case and function is 'agricolae'?

  1. Nominative plural, subject
  2. Dative, possessor with esse
  3. Dative, indirect object Correct answer.
  4. Genitive, possessive

Explanation

The verb nārrat takes a direct object (fābulam, accusative) and can take a person told as an indirect object in the dative. Agricolae is the dative singular of agricola, a first-declension masculine noun, so it means 'to/for the farmer.'

Question 2Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which form correctly completes 'Hostēs ā mīlitibus nostrīs ______ sunt' to mean 'The enemies were conquered by our soldiers'?

  1. vincī
  2. vincunt
  3. vincere
  4. victī Correct answer.

Explanation

A passive perfect periphrastic uses the perfect passive participle agreeing with the subject hostēs (masculine plural nominative): victī. The ablative of agent ā mīlitibus nostrīs confirms the passive voice.

Question 3Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What is the best translation of 'Cum Rōmam vēnisset, consulōrem vīdit'?

  1. If he were to come to Rome, he would see the consul.
  2. When he had come to Rome, he saw the consul. Correct answer.
  3. While he comes to Rome, he will see the consul.
  4. Since he is coming to Rome, he sees the consul.

Explanation

Cum with the pluperfect subjunctive (vēnisset) forms a cum-temporal clause in secondary sequence, translated 'when/after he had come.' The main verb vīdit is perfect indicative, so the whole sentence is past time.

Question 4Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin word is a synonym of 'via' as used in 'longā vīā'?

  1. iter Correct answer.
  2. pōns
  3. ager
  4. locus

Explanation

Via means 'road, way, route,' and iter means 'journey, route, way.' They overlap in sense of a path or route traveled, so iter is the closest synonym among the choices.

Question 5Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Dux mīlitēs fortiter pugnāre iussit,' what construction is 'mīlitēs ... pugnāre'?

  1. Accusative with infinitive after a verb of ordering Correct answer.
  2. Ablative absolute
  3. Indirect question
  4. Gerundive of obligation

Explanation

Iubeō takes an accusative (the person ordered) plus a complementary infinitive: 'he ordered the soldiers to fight.' This is not indirect statement with a verb of saying, but the same accusative-plus-infinitive surface pattern.

Question 6Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which of these verbs is deponent, taking passive forms with active meaning?

  1. dūcō
  2. mittō
  3. capiō
  4. sequor Correct answer.

Explanation

Sequor, sequī, secūtus sum has passive-looking endings but active meaning 'I follow.' Deponent verbs are identified by their dictionary entry ending in -or and lacking an active perfect participle.

Question 7Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What case and number is 'rēbus' in 'in rēbus adversīs'?

  1. Nominative plural
  2. Dative singular
  3. Accusative plural
  4. Ablative plural Correct answer.

Explanation

Rēs is a fifth-declension noun; the ending -ēbus marks the dative and ablative plural. The preposition in with a state or circumstance takes the ablative, so rēbus adversīs means 'in adverse circumstances.'

Question 8Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which sentence contains a purpose clause?

  1. Vēnit cum urbs visa esset.
  2. Vēnit sī urbem vidēre posset.
  3. Vēnit quod urbem vidēre voluit.
  4. Vēnit ut urbem vidēret. Correct answer.

Explanation

A purpose clause uses ut (or nē for negative) with a subjunctive verb, often imperfect after a past main verb: 'He came in order to see the city.' The conjunction ut plus subjunctive is the diagnostic marker.

Question 9Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What does the imperfect subjunctive 'amārēmus' express in 'Utinam amārēmus'?

  1. A future condition
  2. An unfulfilled wish in present time Correct answer.
  3. A command to love
  4. A fulfilled wish in past time

Explanation

Utinam with the imperfect subjunctive expresses a wish contrary to present fact: 'If only we loved / were loving.' Present contrary-to-fact wishes use the imperfect subjunctive, while past ones use the pluperfect.

Question 10Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which pair correctly matches a Latin numeral with its value?

  1. quattuor - 5
  2. quīnque - 5 Correct answer.
  3. sex - 7
  4. decem - 12

Explanation

Quīnque is the cardinal numeral for five. The other options pair Latin number words with the wrong values, so only quīnque–5 is accurate.

Question 11Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Caesar, vir summae virtūtis, exercitum dūxit,' what is the function of 'summae virtūtis'?

  1. Ablative of means
  2. Accusative of extent
  3. Genitive of description modifying vir Correct answer.
  4. Dative of possession with dūxit

Explanation

A genitive with an adjective (summae virtūtis) describes a person's quality: 'a man of the greatest courage.' This genitive of description typically modifies a noun like vir.

Question 12Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which form is the correct perfect passive participle of 'aperiō'?

  1. aperiēns
  2. aperītur
  3. apertus Correct answer.
  4. aperīre

Explanation

The fourth principal part of aperiō is apertus, -a, -um, the perfect passive participle meaning 'opened.' It supplies the passive perfect system and participial uses.

Question 13Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What is the meaning of the idiom 'rem gerere' in a military context?

  1. To write a letter
  2. To rest from work
  3. To conduct business or do battle Correct answer.
  4. To lose a thing

Explanation

Rēs gerere literally means 'to manage affairs' and in military narrative often means 'to conduct operations, do battle.' The idiom depends on the noun rēs plus the verb gerō.

Question 14Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which pronoun correctly completes 'Mīlitēs, ______ virtūs magna erat, fortiter pugnāvērunt'?

  1. quōrum
  2. quōs
  3. quibus Correct answer.
  4. quī

Explanation

The relative clause needs a dative to express possession with erat: 'to whom (there) was great courage,' i.e., 'whose courage was great.' Quibus is the dative plural of the relative pronoun agreeing with mīlitēs.

Question 15Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What tense and mood is 'ferrētur'?

  1. Imperfect passive subjunctive Correct answer.
  2. Perfect passive subjunctive
  3. Future passive indicative
  4. Present passive indicative

Explanation

Ferrētur combines the present stem fer- with the imperfect subjunctive marker -rē- and the passive secondary ending -tur. It means 'he/it was being carried' in a subjunctive clause.

Question 16Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which word best completes 'Nauta perīculum ______ nōn timuit' to mean 'The sailor did not fear danger at all'?

  1. nūllō
  2. nūllī
  3. nūllā
  4. nūllum Correct answer.

Explanation

Perīculum is a neuter accusative singular direct object. The adjective must agree in case, number, and gender, so the accusative neuter nūllum is required.

Question 17Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What does the gerundive express in 'Carthāgō dēlenda est'?

  1. A condition
  2. Necessity or obligation Correct answer.
  3. A wish
  4. Completed action

Explanation

The gerundive is a future passive participle in -ndus; with a form of esse it expresses necessity or obligation, literally 'Carthage is to be destroyed.' This is the passive periphrastic construction.

Question 18Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin phrase means 'as quickly as possible'?

  1. tam celeriter
  2. quam celerrimē Correct answer.
  3. celerrimus
  4. celerius

Explanation

Quam with a superlative adverb expresses the highest possible degree: quam celerrimē 'as quickly as possible.' The adverb celerrimē is the superlative of celeriter.

Question 19Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Rōmānī, victī, tamen nōn dēspērāvērunt,' how is 'victī' best analyzed?

  1. Perfect passive participle in apposition to Rōmānī Correct answer.
  2. Finite verb with an understood subject
  3. Ablative absolute with an implied noun
  4. Gerundive of obligation

Explanation

Victī agrees with Rōmānī in masculine nominative plural and describes the subject as 'having been conquered.' A participle in the nominative agreeing with the subject is appositional, not an ablative absolute.

Question 20Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What is the correct translation of 'Haec urbs antīqua est'?

  1. The city is older.
  2. This city is ancient. Correct answer.
  3. That city was ancient.
  4. These cities are ancient.

Explanation

Haec is nominative feminine singular 'this,' agreeing with urbs (feminine). Antīqua is nominative feminine singular, and est is present 'is.'

Question 21Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which construction appears in 'Titus māterque eius advēnērunt'?

  1. Enclitic -que joining two subjects Correct answer.
  2. Indirect statement
  3. Ablative absolute
  4. Ablative of accompaniment

Explanation

The enclitic -que attached to māter means 'and,' joining Titus and māter as a compound subject. The plural verb advēnērunt confirms two subjects.

Question 22Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What does 'nē' introduce in 'Nē id fēceris'?

  1. A negative command with perfect subjunctive Correct answer.
  2. A purpose clause with present subjunctive
  3. A result clause with pluperfect subjunctive
  4. A fear clause with imperfect subjunctive

Explanation

Nē with the perfect subjunctive forms a negative prohibition: 'Do not do that.' The perfect subjunctive is standard for negative commands in the second person.

Question 23Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which word is the correct accusative singular of 'cīvis'?

  1. cīvis
  2. cīvī
  3. cīvem Correct answer.
  4. cīve

Explanation

Cīvis is a third-declension i-stem noun with accusative singular cīvem. The ending -em marks the accusative singular of consonant and mixed i-stem third-declension nouns.

Question 24Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Quaeritur quārē mīlitēs discēderent,' what is the clause 'quārē ... discēderent'?

  1. Indirect question with imperfect subjunctive Correct answer.
  2. Fear clause with imperfect subjunctive
  3. Purpose clause with imperfect subjunctive
  4. Result clause with imperfect subjunctive

Explanation

Quaeritur introduces an indirect question, marked by the interrogative quārē and the subjunctive discēderent. The imperfect subjunctive reflects secondary sequence after the present passive main verb.

Question 25Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which sentence uses the subjunctive in a result clause?

  1. Ut nāvēs frangerentur, mīlitēs advēnērunt.
  2. Tanta erat tempestās ut nāvēs frangerentur. Correct answer.
  3. Cum tempestās magna esset, manēbāmus.
  4. Sī tempestās magna esset, manērēmus.

Explanation

Tanta ... ut with the imperfect subjunctive marks a result clause: 'The storm was so great that the ships were wrecked.' The correlative tanta before ut is the key signal.

Question 26Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In the sentence 'Poēta ā puerīs saepe legitur,' what does the passive voice of 'legitur' indicate about the poet?

  1. He is about to read.
  2. He has already read.
  3. He is the one being read. Correct answer.
  4. He is the one reading aloud.

Explanation

In a passive verb the grammatical subject receives the action rather than performing it. With 'ā puerīs' (ablative of agent) the boys are the readers, so the poet is the one read. The present passive 'legitur' means 'is read,' not 'reads.'

Question 27Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin form correctly expresses 'to the faithful allies' (dative plural) for the adjective 'fidēlis'?

  1. fidēlēs sociōs
  2. fidēle sociīs
  3. fidēlibus sociīs Correct answer.
  4. fidēlium sociōrum

Explanation

Third-declension adjectives in -is, -e take the ending -ibus in the dative and ablative plural. 'Fidēlibus sociīs' therefore gives the dative plural of both words. The genitive plural 'fidēlium' would be used only in a possessive phrase.

Question 28Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Urbs Rōma, quod in septem collibus sita erat, mūnīta est,' what does 'quod' introduce?

  1. A causal clause explaining why the city was fortified Correct answer.
  2. An indirect question depending on 'sita'
  3. A purpose clause with an implied 'ut'
  4. A relative clause modifying 'collibus'

Explanation

The conjunction 'quod' here is causal, meaning 'because,' and takes the subjunctive in reported or explanatory reason clauses. It explains the reason for the main statement, not a purpose or a question. The neuter form is used because it is a conjunction, not an agreeing pronoun.

Question 29Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin verb form means 'they had been warned'?

  1. monēbuntur
  2. monitī erant Correct answer.
  3. monēbantur
  4. monentur

Explanation

The pluperfect passive is built from the perfect passive participle plus the imperfect of 'esse.' 'Monitī erant' means 'they had been warned,' with 'monitī' agreeing with a masculine plural subject. The other forms are present, imperfect, and future passive respectively.

Question 30Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What is the case and function of 'tribūnō' in 'Mīlitēs tribūnō paruērunt'?

  1. Ablative of agent
  2. Ablative of means
  3. Genitive of possession
  4. Dative with a compound verb Correct answer.

Explanation

'Pāreō' takes the dative, so 'tribūnō' is dative, the person obeyed. The ending -ō is shared by dative and ablative singular, so the verb's government decides the case. 'Pāreō' does not take an ablative of means or agent.

Question 31Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which sentence contains an ablative absolute?

  1. Rōmam vēnit ut cōnsulem vidēret.
  2. Puer cum patre vēnit.
  3. Mīles fortiter pugnāvit.
  4. Signō datō, mīlitēs profectī sunt. Correct answer.

Explanation

An ablative absolute is a noun and a participle in the ablative, grammatically independent of the main clause. 'Signō datō' ('the signal having been given') fits exactly, and the main clause stands on its own. The other sentences contain a prepositional phrase, a simple adverb, and a purpose clause.

Question 32Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Tanta erat tempestās ut nāvēs frangerentur,' what does the 'ut' clause express?

  1. Purpose
  2. Concession
  3. Result Correct answer.
  4. Condition

Explanation

A result clause is signalled by a correlative such as 'tantus' or 'tam' in the main clause and takes the subjunctive introduced by 'ut.' Here the storm was so great that the ships were wrecked. Purpose clauses also use 'ut' but lack the correlative and answer 'why,' not 'with what outcome.'

Question 33Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin word correctly completes 'Mīles ______ vulnerātus est' to mean 'The soldier was wounded by a sword'?

  1. gladiō Correct answer.
  2. gladiī
  3. gladium
  4. gladiīs

Explanation

An ablative of means expresses the instrument of a passive action and uses no preposition. The singular 'gladiō' gives the ablative of 'gladius.' The accusative would be used only as a direct object, and the genitive shows possession.

Question 34Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which form is the future active infinitive of 'dūcō'?

  1. dūcere
  2. ductūrum esse Correct answer.
  3. dūcī
  4. ductus esse

Explanation

The future active infinitive is formed from the perfect passive participle plus 'esse,' with the participle in the accusative agreeing with its subject. For 'dūcō' that is 'ductūrum esse' ('to be about to lead'). The infinitive 'dūcere' is present active and 'dūcī' is present passive.

Question 35Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Imperātor mīlitēs hortātus est ut fortiter pugnārent,' what construction is 'ut fortiter pugnārent'?

  1. A fear clause
  2. A result clause after 'hortātus est'
  3. An indirect statement
  4. An indirect command after a verb of urging Correct answer.

Explanation

Verbs of urging, ordering, and encouraging such as 'hortor' take an indirect command: 'ut' plus the subjunctive. The clause expresses what the soldiers were urged to do. It is not a statement of fact, which would use the accusative and infinitive.

Question 36Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin word correctly completes '______ cōnsilium optimum est' to mean 'This plan is the best'?

  1. Hoc Correct answer.
  2. Hunc
  3. Huius
  4. Hīs

Explanation

'Cōnsilium' is a neuter noun, so the demonstrative must be neuter nominative singular to serve as subject complement. 'Hoc' supplies that form. 'Huius' is genitive, 'hunc' masculine accusative, and 'hīs' dative or ablative plural.

Question 37Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin expression uses the supine to express purpose?

  1. Rōmam spectātum vēnit. Correct answer.
  2. Rōmā discessit.
  3. Rōmam iter fēcit.
  4. Rōmae manēbat.

Explanation

The accusative supine in -um is used after verbs of motion to express purpose, as in 'spectātum vēnit' ('he came to watch'). 'Rōmam' alone is an accusative of place to which, not a supine. The other options use locative and ablative of separation.

Question 38Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What is the meaning of the subjunctive in 'Fortasse vēnerit'?

  1. A potential subjunctive: 'Perhaps he may have come.' Correct answer.
  2. A jussive subjunctive: 'Let him come.'
  3. An optative wish: 'If only he would come.'
  4. A deliberative question: 'Should he come?'

Explanation

With 'fortasse' the perfect subjunctive expresses a possibility, the potential subjunctive. The speaker asserts that something may be the case rather than issuing a command or voicing a wish. Jussive and optative uses lack this hedging adverb and differ in person and context.

Question 39Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin pronoun correctly completes 'Servus, ______ dominus pecūniam dedit, laetus erat'?

  1. quī
  2. cui Correct answer.
  3. quem
  4. cuius

Explanation

The relative pronoun must be dative because 'dominus' gave the money to the slave. 'Cui' is the dative singular of the relative pronoun. Its case is determined by its role in the relative clause, not by the antecedent's case.

Question 40Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin phrase correctly expresses 'for three years' with an accusative of duration?

  1. tribus annīs
  2. trium annōrum
  3. trēs annōs Correct answer.
  4. trēs annī

Explanation

Duration of time is expressed by the accusative, and 'trēs annōs' gives the accusative plural of both words. The ablative expresses time within which, and the genitive expresses a span as a quality. The nominative would be the subject case.

Question 41Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which word is the correct genitive singular of 'senātus'?

  1. senātūs Correct answer.
  2. senātum
  3. senātuī
  4. senātū

Explanation

'Senātus' is a fourth-declension noun, whose genitive singular ends in -ūs. The form 'senātūs' therefore serves as genitive singular (and also nominative and accusative plural). The other endings belong to the dative, accusative, and ablative.

Question 42Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Cōnsul, quamquam graviter aegrōtābat, tamen ad cūriam vēnit,' what does 'quamquam' introduce?

  1. A conditional clause with the subjunctive
  2. A concessive clause with the indicative Correct answer.
  3. A temporal clause with the indicative
  4. A causal clause with the subjunctive

Explanation

'Quamquam' means 'although' and regularly takes the indicative, here 'aegrōtābat.' The correlative 'tamen' in the main clause reinforces the concession. Causal and conditional clauses would use 'quod' or 'sī' with different moods.

Question 43Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin verb form is a future passive participle (gerundive) of 'laudō'?

  1. laudandus Correct answer.
  2. laudāns
  3. laudātus
  4. laudātūrus

Explanation

The gerundive is formed with the present stem plus -ndus, -nda, -ndum, giving 'laudandus' ('to be praised'). It expresses obligation or fitness. The perfect participle 'laudātus' and the future active participle 'laudātūrus' look similar but carry different meaning.

Question 44Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin sentence correctly uses the accusative and infinitive for indirect statement after 'dīcit'?

  1. Dīcit mīles fortis est.
  2. Dīcit quod mīles fortis est.
  3. Dīcit ut mīles fortis sit.
  4. Dīcit mīlitem fortem esse. Correct answer.

Explanation

Indirect statement in Latin uses a subject accusative with an infinitive, without a conjunction. 'Mīlitem fortem esse' gives the accusative subject and the infinitive 'esse' with its predicate adjective also in the accusative. A clause with 'quod' or 'ut' is not the classical construction.

Question 45Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Nēmō tam stultus est quīn hoc intellegat,' what does 'quīn' introduce?

  1. A clause of prevention after a negative main clause, equivalent to a result clause Correct answer.
  2. An indirect question
  3. A fear clause
  4. A purpose clause after 'nēmō'

Explanation

'Quīn' with the subjunctive follows expressions of doubt or prevention that contain a negative idea, such as 'nēmō tam ... quīn.' It means 'who is not ...' or 'but that,' functioning like a result clause. It is not a purpose or fear construction.

Question 46Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin word correctly completes 'Omnēs cīvēs ______ urbem dēfendere parātī erant' to mean 'all the citizens were ready to defend the city'?

  1. urbis
  2. urbe
  3. urbī
  4. urbem Correct answer.

Explanation

'Dēfendō' is a transitive verb taking a direct object in the accusative, so 'urbem' is required. The infinitive 'dēfendere' depends on 'parātī erant.' The other cases would express possession, the dative object, or an ablative relationship.

Question 47Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

What is the meaning of the impersonal verb in 'Pudet mē meī cōnsiliī'?

  1. I am ashamed of my plan. Correct answer.
  2. My plan shames everyone.
  3. I regret my plan.
  4. I am afraid of my plan.

Explanation

'Pudet' is an impersonal verb of feeling meaning 'it shames,' whose person affected stands in the accusative ('mē') and whose cause stands in the genitive ('meī cōnsiliī'). Idiomatically it means 'I am ashamed of my plan.' 'Paenitet' would express regret instead.

Question 48Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin adjective form correctly agrees with 'carmina' in 'carmina ______' meaning 'beautiful songs' (neuter plural)?

  1. pulchra Correct answer.
  2. pulchrī
  3. pulchrum
  4. pulcher

Explanation

'Carmen, carminis' is neuter, so an agreeing adjective in the nominative or accusative plural must be neuter plural. First-second-declension adjectives use -a for that form, giving 'pulchra.' 'Pulchrum' is singular and 'pulchrī' is genitive or masculine nominative plural.

Question 49Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

In 'Rōmānī, cum Hannibalem appropinquāre audīvissent, cōnsulem creāvērunt,' why is 'audīvissent' in the pluperfect subjunctive?

  1. It is an indirect question after 'audīvissent'
  2. It is a purpose clause with an omitted 'ut'
  3. It is a 'cum' clause with the subjunctive in past time, expressing circumstance or cause Correct answer.
  4. It is a future condition contrary to fact

Explanation

'Cum' with the subjunctive in past narrative (cum historicum) expresses circumstance or cause, and the tense follows sequence of tenses. Since the main verb is secondary, the pluperfect subjunctive shows action prior to the main verb. This is not a condition or a question.

Question 50Latin language and reading comprehension (per NLE Syllabus)

Which Latin word correctly completes 'Mīlitēs ______ gladiīs pugnāvērunt' to mean 'The soldiers fought with their swords'?

  1. suīs Correct answer.
  2. suōrum
  3. suī
  4. suōs

Explanation

The reflexive possessive 'suus, -a, -um' agrees with the noun it modifies, here the ablative plural 'gladiīs,' giving 'suīs.' It refers back to the subject of the clause. The genitive 'suōrum' and accusative 'suōs' do not match the case of 'gladiīs.'