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NCCER Sprinkler Fitter study materials
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NCCER Sprinkler Fitter practice questions

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Question 1Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Which items make up the baseline personal protective equipment required of a sprinkler fitter entering an active construction site?

  1. Hard hat, safety glasses, and safety-toe boots Correct answer.
  2. A full-face respirator, a rubber apron, and chemical splash goggles
  3. Hearing protection, welder's gloves, and a face shield
  4. Cut-resistant sleeves, a hi-vis vest, and steel-toe rubber boots

Explanation

Baseline site PPE protects against the hazards every worker meets at the gate: head, eye, and foot protection. Additional items are added only when a specific task or site condition creates the need.

Question 2Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Where does a fitter find the hazard and first-aid information for a thread-cutting oil?

  1. In Sections 2 and 4 of the product's safety data sheet Correct answer.
  2. On the shipping invoice filed in the site trailer
  3. In the manufacturer's installation instructions for the pipe
  4. On the apprentice training record kept by the foreman

Explanation

The Hazard Communication Standard requires hazard information to be available to workers through labels and safety data sheets. Section 2 covers hazard identification and Section 4 covers first-aid measures.

Question 3Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

A fitter finishes cutting pipe and leaves scrap and oil on a walkway used by other trades. What is the correct action?

  1. Ask the general contractor to post a warning sign at the walkway
  2. Leave it, because the laborers clean the site at the end of the shift
  3. Clean up the scrap and oil before leaving the area Correct answer.
  4. Push the scrap to the side of the walkway and keep working

Explanation

Housekeeping rules require walking and working surfaces to be kept clear of debris, scrap, and spills. Cleaning up as you go removes the slip, trip, and cut hazard before another worker is hurt.

Question 4Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Which technique is correct when lifting a length of steel pipe by hand?

  1. Hold the pipe at arm's length and twist to set it down
  2. Bend at the waist and lift with a quick, jerking motion
  3. Bend at the knees and keep the load close to your body Correct answer.
  4. Lift with your back while keeping your feet close together

Explanation

Safe manual lifting uses the strong leg muscles and keeps the load near the body's center of gravity. Jerking or twisting while loaded transfers the force to the spine and causes strains.

Question 5Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

When using a portable fire extinguisher, the PASS sequence stands for:

  1. Push, Alert, Spray, Stop
  2. Prepare, Approach, Spray, Secure
  3. Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep Correct answer.
  4. Point, Assess, Secure, Shut down

Explanation

PASS is the standard operating sequence: pull the pin, aim at the base of the fire, squeeze the handle, and sweep the nozzle across the fire. Applying agent at the base removes the fuel from the ignition source.

Question 6Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

A fitter drops a wrench from a lift and it lands near a co-worker without hitting anyone. What should the fitter do?

  1. Wait to see whether the same thing happens again before telling anyone on the crew
  2. Report the near miss to the supervisor so the hazard can be corrected Correct answer.
  3. Nothing, since no one was injured and no equipment was damaged at all
  4. Write it in a personal notebook and mention it only at the next monthly safety meeting

Explanation

A dropped tool that misses is a near miss, which shows a real hazard exists before someone is injured. Site safety programs require prompt reporting so the cause can be corrected immediately.

Question 7Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

In construction work, fall protection must be provided when a worker is exposed to a fall of:

  1. 10 feet or more above a lower level
  2. 4 feet or more above a lower level
  3. 15 feet or more above a lower level
  4. 6 feet or more above a lower level Correct answer.

Explanation

The construction fall protection standard sets the trigger height at 6 feet for most work, including work over dangerous equipment and into hazardous areas at any height. Acceptable systems include guardrails, safety nets, and personal fall arrest.

Question 8Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Which practice is acceptable for a company-issued hard hat?

  1. Replacing it after a heavy object strikes the shell Correct answer.
  2. Wearing it backwards whenever the bill blocks your view
  3. Storing it on the rear window shelf of a pickup in summer
  4. Drilling extra ventilation holes in the shell to stay cool

Explanation

A hard hat protects only while its shell and suspension are undamaged, so a hat that has taken a significant impact must be taken out of service. Modifying the shell or baking it in sunlight weakens the material.

Question 9Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Under lockout/tagout, who may remove a lock that a fitter applied to a valve?

  1. Any journeyman on the same crew who needs the valve open to continue working
  2. The general contractor's superintendent, using bolt cutters and a written note
  3. The fitter who applied the lock, after verifying the system is safe Correct answer.
  4. The site safety officer, once the shift has ended and the crew has left the area

Explanation

Only the worker who applied the lock may remove it, and only after confirming the equipment is safe to re-energize. Any removal by someone else must follow the employer's written procedure, including attempts to contact the absent worker.

Question 10Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Before entry, atmospheric testing of a permit-required confined space must show an oxygen level between:

  1. 16.0 and 19.5 percent
  2. 23.5 and 25.0 percent
  3. 19.5 and 23.5 percent Correct answer.
  4. 12.5 and 16.0 percent

Explanation

An atmosphere below 19.5 percent oxygen is deficient, and above 23.5 percent it is enriched and greatly increases fire risk. Entry testing must show a reading inside that acceptable band before anyone goes in.

Question 11Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Workers must enter a trench on a job site. At what depth does OSHA require a protective system such as sloping, shoring, or shielding?

  1. 3 feet
  2. 5 feet Correct answer.
  3. 4 feet
  4. 8 feet

Explanation

A protective system is required for any excavation 5 feet or deeper that workers enter, unless the excavation is made entirely in stable rock. A competent person classifies the soil and selects the system.

Question 12Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

How is an extension ladder set up to reach an elevated work platform?

  1. Base set four feet out for every foot of height with the top tied off at the platform railing
  2. One foot of base out per four feet of height, with the top three feet above the landing Correct answer.
  3. Base set one foot out for every two feet of height with the top two feet above the platform
  4. Base set one foot out for every four feet of working height with the top level with the platform edge

Explanation

Extension ladders are set at a 4-to-1 base-to-height ratio so the angle is about 75 degrees. The side rails must extend at least 3 feet above the landing so the climber has a handhold while stepping off.

Question 13Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

On a supported scaffold, guardrails are required along open sides and ends once the platform is more than:

  1. 6 feet above the platform or walking surface
  2. 20 feet above the surrounding ground or floor
  3. 4 feet above the surrounding ground or floor
  4. 10 feet above the ground or floor Correct answer.

Explanation

Scaffold standards require guardrails on all open sides and ends when the platform is 10 feet or more above a lower level. The 4-to-1 height-to-base ratio governs stability and is a separate requirement.

Question 14Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Temporary 120-volt receptacles on a construction site that supply power tools must be protected by:

  1. A ground-fault circuit interrupter Correct answer.
  2. A surge suppressor installed at the panel
  3. An overload heater on the tool motor
  4. A lockable disconnect at the temporary panel

Explanation

Temporary 120-volt, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles on construction sites require GFCI protection, unless the employer runs an assured equipment grounding conductor program. A GFCI trips within milliseconds when current leaks to ground, preventing electrocution.

Question 15Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

After brazing sprinkler pipe with a torch, a fire watch must remain in the area for at least:

  1. 30 minutes Correct answer.
  2. 15 minutes
  3. 5 minutes
  4. 2 hours

Explanation

Hot work programs based on NFPA 51B require a fire watch during the operation and for at least 30 minutes after it ends. Smoldering material inside a wall or behind a shield can break into flame well after the torch is shut off.

Question 16Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

How must oxygen and fuel-gas cylinders be stored when they are not in use?

  1. Upright and chained together inside a locked shed with the valve caps off
  2. Upright and secured, separated by 20 feet or a 5-foot barrier Correct answer.
  3. Side by side with valve caps removed inside a closed wooden storage box
  4. Lying flat on the ground at least ten feet from any structure or building

Explanation

Oxygen and fuel gas are kept at least 20 feet apart or divided by a noncombustible barrier at least 5 feet high with a fire rating. Cylinders are stored upright and secured so they cannot be knocked over.

Question 17Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

A hearing conservation program is required when a worker's noise exposure reaches an 8-hour time-weighted average of:

  1. 70 dBA
  2. 85 dBA Correct answer.
  3. 100 dBA at any single moment during the shift
  4. 115 dBA at peak impact levels

Explanation

At an 8-hour average of 85 dBA, the employer must provide hearing protection, monitoring, audiometric testing, and training. Exposure at that level causes permanent hearing loss over a career.

Question 18Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Which practice best limits a fitter's exposure to crystalline silica dust when cutting concrete or masonry?

  1. Cutting indoors where the dust settles out quickly
  2. Wearing a dust mask only after symptoms start
  3. Working faster so the dust cloud stays small and moves away
  4. Using a wet saw or a water-fed cutting method Correct answer.

Explanation

Wetting the cut controls silica at the source by keeping particles out of the air, which is the most effective control. Dry cutting concrete or masonry can produce respirable crystalline silica that scars lung tissue.

Question 19Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

What rule applies to workers and a crane's suspended load?

  1. Workers may pass beneath the load if they walk quickly
  2. Only the signal person may stand directly under the load
  3. No one may stand or pass under a suspended load Correct answer.
  4. Workers may steady the load by hand while wearing gloves

Explanation

A suspended load can drop without warning if rigging fails or the load shifts, so no one is permitted beneath it. Tag lines are handled from outside the fall zone to control rotation.

Question 20Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Unless the utility confirms the line is de-energized, how far must a crane's boom or lifted load stay from overhead power lines rated up to 50 kV?

  1. 3 feet, measured from the nearest line
  2. 8 feet, measured from the nearest line
  3. 5 feet, measured from the nearest line
  4. 10 feet for lines rated up to 50 kV Correct answer.

Explanation

The OSHA crane clearance table requires 10 feet for lines rated up to 50 kV, with greater distances as voltage rises. The distance is measured from the line to any part of the crane, boom, rigging, or load.

Question 21Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Which task belongs to the attendant posted outside a permit-required confined space?

  1. Tracking who is inside and ordering evacuation if conditions change Correct answer.
  2. Performing the initial atmospheric test and signing the entry permit at the start
  3. Closing out the entry permit after the entire crew has finished the work
  4. Entering the space to assist the entrant whenever the gas monitor alarms

Explanation

The attendant stays outside, keeps an accurate count of entrants, and orders evacuation when a monitor alarms or conditions change. The attendant never enters to attempt rescue, because that leaves the entry unattended and often adds a second victim.

Question 22Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

What is the maximum working pressure for acetylene in a hose or torch?

  1. 30 psig at the regulator outlet
  2. 5 psig at the regulator outlet
  3. 15 psig at the regulator outlet Correct answer.
  4. The highest pressure the hose will hold

Explanation

Acetylene becomes unstable and can decompose violently above 15 psig, so regulators and work practices limit it to that pressure. Fuel gas is never used at a pressure above the hose or torch limit.

Question 23Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Before a fitter begins work on a locked-out pipe-threading machine, the final step in the lockout procedure is to:

  1. Remove the machine's drive belts and tag them at the motor housing
  2. Try to start the machine to confirm it will not run Correct answer.
  3. Notify the foreman by radio that the lock has been applied to the disconnect
  4. Tape the breaker panel door closed with yellow caution tape after switching off

Explanation

Lockout is complete only after stored energy is released and the worker attempts to start the equipment to verify isolation. A machine that starts would show that the wrong disconnect was locked or that energy is still present.

Question 24Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Under OSHA's respiratory protection standard, fit testing for a tight-fitting respirator is required:

  1. Every month for any tight-fitting respirator used on site
  2. Annually, and whenever the facepiece or model changes Correct answer.
  3. Only when the respirator is first assigned to the employee
  4. Every five years for all types of respirators kept in the trailer

Explanation

Tight-fitting respirators are fit tested at least once a year and again whenever the make, model, style, or size changes. Fit testing proves the facepiece actually seals against the wearer's face, which a medical evaluation cannot do.

Question 25Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Which practice is required when handling oxygen cylinders and their regulators?

  1. Oil the regulator threads lightly so the nut turns freely
  2. Use a grease-based pipe dope on the cylinder outlet threads
  3. Wipe the outlet with an oily rag before attaching the regulator
  4. Keep oil and grease away from valves, threads, and fittings Correct answer.

Explanation

Oxygen makes hydrocarbons ignite easily and burn violently, so valves, threads, and fittings must stay free of oil, grease, and other contaminants. Regulators are handled with clean hands and clean tools.

Question 26Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

A fitter needs temporary power for a task and plans to use a gasoline-powered generator. Where should the generator be operated?

  1. Run it indoors with a fan blowing exhaust toward a window
  2. Run it in a basement as long as the entry door is left open
  3. Place it just outside an open door with the exhaust aimed inside
  4. Run it outdoors away from air intakes Correct answer.

Explanation

Gasoline engines produce carbon monoxide, an odorless gas that can build to deadly levels in enclosed or partly enclosed spaces. Generators must be operated outdoors, away from doors, windows, and ventilation intakes so exhaust cannot enter the work area.

Question 27Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

What is the proper body technique when a fitter must lift a heavy length of pipe by hand?

  1. Lift quickly with a jerking motion to shorten the strain
  2. Hold the load at arm's length and twist while rising
  3. Bend at the waist and keep the knees straight
  4. Keep the load close to the body and lift with the legs Correct answer.

Explanation

Keeping the load close to the torso reduces leverage on the lower back, and using the leg muscles to rise spreads the force over stronger muscle groups. Twisting or jerking while lifting sharply increases the risk of back injury.

Question 28Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

A small electrical fire starts at a temporary power panel on a sprinkler installation site. Which class of fire extinguisher is designed for this type of fire?

  1. Class C Correct answer.
  2. Class A
  3. Class B
  4. Class D

Explanation

Class C extinguishers are intended for fires involving energized electrical equipment because their extinguishing agents do not conduct electricity. Once the power is shut off, the fire is treated according to the class of the burning material.

Question 29Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

How often must a supported scaffold used by sprinkler fitters be inspected?

  1. At the start of the project and then never again
  2. Before each work shift by a competent person Correct answer.
  3. Once a week by any member of the crew
  4. Only after a worker falls from the scaffold

Explanation

OSHA requires scaffolds to be inspected by a competent person before each work shift and after any event that could affect their structural integrity, such as high winds or alterations. This ensures defects are found before workers rely on the platform.

Question 30Safety, Occupational Health, and Jobsite Hazards

Before a fitter applies heat to a pipe that previously carried a flammable gas, what must be done to the pipe?

  1. Open both ends and apply heat at the lowest torch setting
  2. Test the pipe opening with a match before heating
  3. Purge the line and confirm it is gas-free Correct answer.
  4. Flush it with water and begin heating immediately

Explanation

Residual flammable vapor in a pipe can ignite or explode when heat is applied. The line must be drained, purged, and tested to confirm it is free of flammable material before any hot work begins.

Question 31Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

Which tool is designed to hold a length of steel pipe securely while it is being cut or threaded?

  1. A flaring block
  2. A chain vise Correct answer.
  3. A C-clamp
  4. A pipe wrench

Explanation

A chain or yoke pipe vise grips the pipe on two sides and holds it firmly while it is cut or threaded. Holding pipe for assembly calls for a tool that clamps the pipe without letting it rotate.

Question 32Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

Which tool should be used to tighten a sprinkler head into its fitting?

  1. A pipe wrench
  2. A strap wrench
  3. An adjustable wrench
  4. A sprinkler head wrench Correct answer.

Explanation

Sprinkler heads must be installed with the wrench supplied or specified by the manufacturer, because that wrench engages the wrench flats without loading the frame or element. Other wrenches can distort the head or damage the heat-responsive element.

Question 33Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

Which personal protective equipment is required when using an abrasive chop saw to cut steel pipe?

  1. A face shield and hearing protection Correct answer.
  2. A dust mask and safety glasses
  3. Leather work gloves and a dust mask
  4. Safety glasses with side shields alone

Explanation

Abrasive cutting of steel pipe throws sparks and grit and produces high noise, so eye or face protection and hearing protection are both needed. Gloves alone and a dust mask do not protect the eyes or ears.

Question 34Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

How should steel pipe be stored on a job site to prevent rolling and damage?

  1. Stacked directly on the ground
  2. On dunnage with chocks Correct answer.
  3. On edge in a single row
  4. Leaned against a wall

Explanation

Pipe should be stored on dunnage and restrained with chocks or stakes so it cannot roll and so the ends are protected. Stacking on the ground or leaning pipe against a wall creates unstable, damage-prone storage.

Question 35Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

Which tool is appropriate for cutting CPVC sprinkler pipe?

  1. A hacksaw with a coarse blade
  2. A plastic pipe ratchet cutter Correct answer.
  3. A tubing cutter with a metal wheel
  4. An abrasive chop saw

Explanation

CPVC is cut with a cutter designed for plastic pipe, which produces a square end with minimal burrs. Abrasive saws and metal tubing cutters can leave burrs or crush the pipe and are not the specified tool.

Question 36Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

When using a pipe wrench to turn pipe, how should force be applied?

  1. Pull the handle toward you Correct answer.
  2. Add a cheater bar to the handle
  3. Strike the handle with a hammer
  4. Push the handle away from you

Explanation

A pipe wrench's hook jaw bites into the pipe when the handle is pulled in the direction that rotates the jaw toward the pipe. Pulling also keeps the user clear if the wrench slips; pushing or adding a cheater bar can damage the tool and cause loss of control.

Question 37Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

What is the primary purpose of cutting oil when threading steel pipe with a hand die?

  1. To make the finished threads look shiny
  2. To seal the threads against leaks
  3. To cool and lubricate the dies Correct answer.
  4. To soften the pipe for easier cutting

Explanation

Cutting oil lubricates the dies, carries heat away, and flushes chips from the thread being cut, which improves thread quality and die life. It is not a thread sealant and does not soften the steel.

Question 38Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

Before roll grooving a pipe end, what condition must the pipe end meet?

  1. It must be heated with a torch first
  2. It must be threaded before grooving
  3. It must be beveled to 45 degrees
  4. It must be cut square and deburred Correct answer.

Explanation

Roll grooving requires a square-cut, deburred pipe end so the rolls form an even groove at the correct location. A bevel, thread, or heated end is not part of the roll grooving process.

Question 39Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

When using a hole saw to cut an opening in steel pipe, what speed and feed should be used?

  1. Low speed with heavy hammering
  2. Low speed, light steady pressure Correct answer.
  3. High speed with no lubricant
  4. High speed with heavy feed pressure

Explanation

Hole saws in steel run at low speed with light, steady pressure and cutting fluid to avoid burning the teeth. High speed or heavy pressure overheats the saw and shortens its life.

Question 40Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

As the angle between two sling legs and the horizontal decreases, what happens to the tension in each leg?

  1. Tension becomes zero
  2. Tension decreases
  3. Tension increases Correct answer.
  4. Tension stays the same

Explanation

Sling tension is calculated as load divided by the sine of the angle from horizontal, multiplied by the number of legs. As the legs approach horizontal, the sine gets smaller and the tension in each leg rises sharply.

Question 41Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

When tightening a grooved coupling, what should be used to verify bolt torque?

  1. A torque wrench set to spec Correct answer.
  2. A pipe wrench with a cheater bar
  3. An impact wrench at full power
  4. Hand tight with no check

Explanation

Grooved coupling bolts are tightened to the torque published by the coupling manufacturer and checked with a torque wrench. Impact wrenches and cheater bars can over-tighten or damage the coupling.

Question 42Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

A nylon sling has a deep cut through the outer cover showing core fibers. What should be done?

  1. Tape the cut and continue
  2. Use it only for lighter loads
  3. Tie a knot to shorten it
  4. Remove and destroy it Correct answer.

Explanation

A sling with cut or exposed core fibers has lost strength and must be removed from service and destroyed so it cannot be reused. Knots and light-load use are not acceptable repairs.

Question 43Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

When moving a heavy load with a hand truck, how should the load be positioned?

  1. High on the frame to see over it
  2. Leaning backward off the frame
  3. On one side to reduce effort
  4. Low and balanced over the axle Correct answer.

Explanation

A hand truck is most stable when the load is low and its center of gravity is over the axle. A high or off-center load increases the effort and the chance of tipping.

Question 44Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

Why should a pipe wrench never be used on a sprinkler head?

  1. It makes the head too tight
  2. It is too small to grip the head
  3. It leaves oil on the threads
  4. It can damage the heat element Correct answer.

Explanation

A pipe wrench applies crushing force to the sprinkler head frame and can damage the heat-responsive element or distort the deflector. The correct wrench engages only the designated wrench flats.

Question 45Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

During a hydrostatic test at 200 psi, which pressure gauge is most appropriate?

  1. A 0-300 psi gauge Correct answer.
  2. A 0-200 psi gauge
  3. A 0-1000 psi gauge
  4. A 0-60 psi gauge

Explanation

A test gauge should be selected so the test pressure falls in the middle of its range, typically about 1.5 to 2 times the test pressure. A 0-300 psi gauge reads 200 psi clearly, while a 0-200 gauge is at full scale and a 0-1000 gauge is hard to read.

Question 46Tools, Equipment, and Material Handling

A 1,000 lb load is lifted by two slings at 60 degrees from horizontal. What is the approximate tension in each leg?

  1. 577 lb Correct answer.
  2. 1,155 lb
  3. 500 lb
  4. 1,000 lb

Explanation

Each leg carries half the load divided by the sine of the angle from horizontal: 1,000 lb divided by (2 times sin 60 degrees) equals about 577 lb. The tension is greater than half the load because the slings are not vertical.

Question 47Pipe, Tubing, Fittings, and Joining Methods

Which of these Schedule numbers designates the thickest pipe wall for a given nominal size?

  1. Schedule 80 Correct answer.
  2. Schedule 10
  3. Schedule 40
  4. Schedule 5

Explanation

For a given nominal pipe size, the outside diameter stays constant while the wall thickness changes with the schedule number. The higher the schedule number, the heavier the wall, so Schedule 80 is the thickest of the choices listed.

Question 48Pipe, Tubing, Fittings, and Joining Methods

What does the abbreviation NPT identify?

  1. A solvent-cement joint
  2. A tapered pipe thread Correct answer.
  3. A grooved coupling style
  4. A flared tubing connection

Explanation

NPT stands for National Pipe Taper. The threads are cut on a taper so the crests interfere as the joint is made up, which is why steel sprinkler pipe is threaded to this standard.

Question 49Pipe, Tubing, Fittings, and Joining Methods

Which fitting is installed in a straight run to join two lengths of pipe of the same size?

  1. Reducer
  2. 90-degree elbow
  3. Coupling Correct answer.
  4. Cap

Explanation

A coupling is a straight fitting with two female ends that makes up onto the threaded ends of two pipes in line with each other. It does not change direction or size.

Question 50Pipe, Tubing, Fittings, and Joining Methods

Which fitting is used to reduce the line size between two runs of pipe?

  1. Nipple
  2. Cross
  3. Union
  4. Bell reducer Correct answer.

Explanation

A bell reducer has two female openings of different sizes, so it transitions the run from one pipe size down to a smaller one. Reducers are also available as reducing couplings and reducing tees.