CAQ-Peds flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

APGAR score components

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration. Each scored 0–2, total 0–10. Assessed at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to evaluate newborn adaptation.

Normal newborn heart rate

100–160 beats per minute while awake. Rates below 100 or above 160 may indicate distress and warrant evaluation.

Pediatric weight formula 1–6 years

Weight in kg = 2 × (age in years) + 8. Useful for rapid estimation in emergency settings when actual weight is unknown.

Holliday-Segar maintenance fluids

100 mL/kg/day for first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for next 10 kg, 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20. Gives daily maintenance volume.

Pediatric hypotension threshold

Systolic blood pressure below 70 + (2 × age in years) for children aged 1–10 years; below 90 mmHg for ages 10 and older.

Infant fever without source

Rectal temperature ≥38.0°C in an infant younger than 3 months. Requires full sepsis workup including blood, urine, and CSF cultures, plus empiric antibiotics.

Kawasaki disease criteria

Fever ≥5 days plus at least 4 of: conjunctival injection, oral changes, rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy >1.5 cm. Treat with IVIG 2 g/kg and aspirin.

Pediatric compression-to-ventilation ratio

30:2 for single rescuer; 15:2 for two rescuers. Compressions at 100–120/min, depth one-third of chest diameter.

Epinephrine dose in pediatric arrest

0.01 mg/kg IV/IO (0.1 mL/kg of 1:10,000 solution) every 3–5 minutes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Developmental milestone at 6 months

Sits with support, babbles, and has a social smile. Rolls over. Recognizes familiar faces. Birth weight doubles by this age.

Developmental milestone at 12 months

Walks with assistance, says first word, uses pincer grasp, and points to objects. Birth weight triples by 12 months.

Pincer grasp age

Emerges around 9 months and is well established by 12 months. Allows picking up small objects between thumb and index finger.

Normal pediatric respiratory rates

Newborn 30–60, infant 25–40, toddler 20–30, preschool 20–25, school-age 18–25, adolescent 12–20 breaths per minute.

Pediatric systolic BP formula

Systolic blood pressure = 80 + (2 × age in years). Diastolic is approximately two-thirds of systolic. Useful for screening.

Fontanel closure timing

Anterior fontanel closes between 9 and 18 months. Posterior fontanel closes by 2 months. Early closure may indicate craniosynostosis.

Birth weight doubling and tripling

Doubles by 5–6 months and triples by 12 months. Failure to thrive is suggested if weight falls below expected trajectory.

Head circumference growth

Increases about 2 cm per month in first 3 months, then slower. Measures brain growth; abnormal rate suggests hydrocephalus or microcephaly.

Primitive reflexes timeline

Moro, rooting, and suck reflexes present at birth and disappear by 3–6 months. Persistence suggests neurological abnormality.

Vaccine schedule: DTaP

Given at 2, 4, 6, and 15–18 months, then booster at 4–6 years. Protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.

MMR vaccine timing

First dose at 12–15 months, second dose at 4–6 years. Live attenuated vaccine; contraindicated in severe immunodeficiency.

Newborn screening timing

Performed between 24 and 72 hours after birth, ideally after 24 hours of feeding. Screens for metabolic, endocrine, and hematologic disorders.

Jaundice in newborns

Physiologic jaundice appears after 24 hours, peaks at 3–5 days, and resolves by 2 weeks. Pathologic if before 24 hours or rapid rise.

Pediatric dehydration assessment

Mild: 3–5% weight loss, thirsty. Moderate: 6–9%, decreased skin turgor, sunken eyes. Severe: ≥10%, lethargy, shock. Use ORS for mild-moderate.

Oral rehydration solution composition

WHO formula: sodium 75 mEq/L, glucose 75 mmol/L, potassium 20 mEq/L, citrate 10 mEq/L. Given 50–100 mL/kg over 3–4 hours for moderate dehydration.

Bronchiolitis management

Supportive care with oxygen if SpO2 <90%, hydration, and nasal suction. No routine bronchodilators or corticosteroids. Most common cause is RSV.

Croup treatment

Single dose dexamethasone 0.15–0.6 mg/kg. Nebulized epinephrine for moderate-severe stridor. Cool mist may help. Usually caused by parainfluenza.

Epiglottitis presentation

Sudden onset high fever, sore throat, drooling, tripod positioning, muffled voice. Do not examine throat; prepare for airway. Caused by H. influenzae type b.

Koplik spots

Small white lesions on buccal mucosa appearing 1–2 days before measles rash. Hallmark of measles (rubeola) and indicate contagious period.

Roseola infantum

Caused by human herpesvirus 6. High fever for 3–5 days followed by maculopapular rash on trunk when fever resolves. Common in children 6–24 months.

Fifth disease

Parvovirus B19 infection. Slapped-cheek rash followed by lacy reticular rash on extremities. Risks aplastic crisis in sickle cell and hydrops fetalis in pregnancy.

Hand-foot-mouth disease

Coxsackievirus infection. Vesicular lesions on hands, feet, and mouth. Supportive care; highly contagious. Complications include dehydration from poor intake.

Scarlet fever

Group A streptococcal infection. Sandpaper-like rash, strawberry tongue, circumoral pallor, fever. Treat with penicillin to prevent rheumatic fever.

Pediatric sepsis criteria

Systemic inflammatory response plus suspected infection. In children, requires temperature abnormality and either tachycardia or tachypnea plus leukocyte count abnormality.