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ND Land Surveyor practice questions

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Question 1Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

Under the rectangular system of the U.S. Public Land Survey, a township is a square tract containing how many sections?

  1. 24 sections
  2. 36 sections Correct answer.
  3. 64 sections
  4. 16 sections

Explanation

A standard township is six miles on each side and is subdivided into a six-by-six grid of sections, giving 36 sections of one square mile (640 acres) each. The township therefore contains 36 square miles.

Question 2Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

In the Public Land Survey System, how wide is a standard section, measured in miles?

  1. Six miles
  2. Two miles
  3. Half a mile
  4. One mile Correct answer.

Explanation

A section is defined as one square mile, so each side measures one mile and the section contains 640 acres. Townships are six miles square and contain 36 such sections.

Question 3Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor is asked to describe the parcel formed by the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of a section. How many acres does that parcel contain?

  1. 20 acres
  2. 80 acres
  3. 40 acres Correct answer.
  4. 160 acres

Explanation

The southwest quarter contains 160 acres, and the northeast quarter of that quarter is one-fourth of 160, or 40 acres. Each quarter-quarter aliquot part of a section contains 40 acres.

Question 4Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

Which term describes the intentional setting of a monument at a corner location that the surveyor has determined from the best available evidence?

  1. Subdivision plat
  2. Resurvey
  3. Perpetuation of a corner Correct answer.
  4. Retracement

Explanation

Perpetuation refers to re-establishing and marking a corner so that the location is preserved for future retracement. A retracement merely follows and documents existing boundaries without creating new ones.

Question 5Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

What does the legal principle of boundary by acquiescence require?

  1. A recorded survey filed with the county
  2. A written deed describing the line by metes and bounds
  3. A court judgment quieting title
  4. A recognized boundary line that adjoining owners have treated as the true line for a statutory period Correct answer.

Explanation

Boundary by acquiescence arises when adjoining owners mutually recognize and treat a line as their boundary for the period required by statute, even if deeds describe a different location. The doctrine rests on the parties' conduct and acceptance of the line over time.

Question 6Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed conveys property to 'A and B as tenants in common.' Upon A's death, what happens to A's interest?

  1. It passes to A's heirs or devisees Correct answer.
  2. It escheats to the state
  3. It is extinguished and the parcel shrinks
  4. It passes automatically to B by survivorship

Explanation

Tenants in common hold undivided interests that are freely inheritable and devisable, so A's share passes to A's estate. There is no right of survivorship unless the deed expressly creates a joint tenancy.

Question 7Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

In a metes-and-bounds description, the phrase 'thence North 45 degrees East, 200 feet to a stone' is best described as what?

  1. A monument call
  2. An adjoiner call
  3. A course and distance call Correct answer.
  4. An area call

Explanation

The bearing and distance together constitute a course and distance call that directs the reader along the boundary. The reference to a stone at the end is a separate monument call.

Question 8Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

When a deed description contains conflicting calls, which type of call generally controls under the rules of construction?

  1. Courses
  2. Distances
  3. Adjacent recorded parcels
  4. Natural monuments Correct answer.

Explanation

The traditional hierarchy gives greatest weight to natural monuments, followed by artificial monuments, then courses, then distances, then area. Natural monuments are considered the most reliable evidence of the parties' intent.

Question 9Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor finds that a deed's distance call falls short of reaching a clearly marked original corner monument. Under the hierarchy of evidence, the surveyor should do what?

  1. Hold the distance and ignore the monument
  2. Hold the monument and treat the distance as erroneous Correct answer.
  3. Report the discrepancy without choosing either
  4. Average the monument and distance positions

Explanation

Because monuments control over distances, the marked original corner governs and the distance call is treated as a drafting or measurement error. The surveyor accepts the monument as the best evidence of the original location.

Question 10Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

What is the primary purpose of recording a survey plat in the county records?

  1. To satisfy the licensing requirement for the surveyor
  2. To transfer title from the seller to the buyer
  3. To extinguish prior easements of record
  4. To give constructive notice of the boundary location to the public Correct answer.

Explanation

Recording places the plat in the public record, giving constructive notice to subsequent purchasers and others of the depicted boundary and improvements. Title transfer occurs through the deed, not the plat.

Question 11Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

An easement created by a deed that describes a specific strip of land for a utility line is best classified as what?

  1. An easement by necessity
  2. An express easement appurtenant or in gross Correct answer.
  3. An easement by estoppel
  4. A prescriptive easement

Explanation

An easement granted in writing that identifies the burdened strip is an express easement, which may be appurtenant to a dominant parcel or held in gross by a utility. The other categories arise by operation of law or conduct rather than express grant.

Question 12Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A riparian owner's boundary along a non-navigable stream that gradually shifts its channel through accretion generally does what?

  1. Moves with the gradual change in the water's edge Correct answer.
  2. Extends to the thread of the stream regardless of movement
  3. Is extinguished by the shift
  4. Remains fixed at the original recorded line

Explanation

Under the doctrine of accretion, a boundary along a non-navigable stream follows gradual, imperceptible changes in the water's edge. The riparian owner gains or loses land accordingly.

Question 13Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A river suddenly changes course during a flood, abandoning its old channel and cutting a new one. The boundary between riparian owners is generally determined by what?

  1. The midpoint between the old and new channels
  2. The new channel as surveyed after the flood
  3. The old channel as it existed before the avulsion Correct answer.
  4. The county assessor's parcel map

Explanation

A sudden and perceptible change of channel is an avulsion, which does not move property boundaries. The boundary remains at the pre-avulsion channel location.

Question 14Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

Which of the following best states the rule for locating a lost corner in a Public Land Survey retracement?

  1. Place it at the geographic midpoint of the section
  2. Set it at the deed's stated distance from the nearest section corner
  3. Use the position shown on the original GLO plat without adjustment
  4. Re-establish it by proportionate measurement between the nearest existing controlling corners Correct answer.

Explanation

A lost corner is re-established by proportioning the record distances between the nearest existing controlling corners along the line. This preserves the original scheme of the survey as closely as the remaining evidence allows.

Question 15Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

In the hierarchy of evidence for boundary retracement, how do artificial monuments generally rank relative to courses and distances?

  1. Equal to distances and below courses
  2. Above distances but below courses
  3. Below both courses and distances
  4. Above both courses and distances Correct answer.

Explanation

Artificial monuments such as set stones, pipes, or posts rank above courses and distances in the standard hierarchy. Only natural monuments generally outrank artificial ones.

Question 16Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

What is the significance of a 'witness corner' or 'witness monument' in a boundary survey?

  1. It replaces the deed's distance call for the entire line
  2. It establishes the zoning classification of the parcel
  3. It references the true corner location when the corner itself cannot be occupied Correct answer.
  4. It marks the center of the parcel for area computation

Explanation

A witness monument is placed at a known offset from the true corner so that the corner can be re-established even if the corner monument is disturbed. It preserves evidence of location rather than creating a new boundary.

Question 17Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed describes a parcel as bounded 'on the north by the Smith tract, on the east by County Road, and on the south by the Jones tract.' This description relies primarily on what?

  1. Natural monuments
  2. Area calls
  3. Course and distance calls
  4. Adjoiner calls Correct answer.

Explanation

Describing boundaries by the names of adjoining owners or tracts creates adjoiner calls, which depend on locating those neighboring properties. Such descriptions are common where parcels abut known holdings.

Question 18Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor must resolve a conflict between a deed's stated area of 10.00 acres and its metes-and-bounds lines that enclose 9.60 acres. Which call generally controls?

  1. The metes-and-bounds lines Correct answer.
  2. Neither; the parcel is void
  3. The average of the two
  4. The stated area

Explanation

Area is the weakest call in the hierarchy and yields to courses and distances and to monuments. The enclosed lines therefore control, and the stated acreage is treated as approximate.

Question 19Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

Which doctrine allows a court to reform a deed when a scrivener's error misstates the parties' original agreement?

  1. Reformation Correct answer.
  2. Adverse possession
  3. Prescription
  4. Dedication

Explanation

Reformation corrects a written instrument that fails to express the parties' actual agreement because of a mutual mistake or scrivener's error. It aligns the document with the intended terms.

Question 20Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

Adverse possession claims typically require which combination of elements?

  1. Actual use for any period with the owner's permission
  2. Recording a survey and posting a notice
  3. Actual, open, notorious, exclusive, hostile, and continuous use for the statutory period Correct answer.
  4. Payment of property taxes only

Explanation

Adverse possession requires possession that is actual, open and notorious, exclusive, hostile, and continuous for the statutory period. Some jurisdictions also require payment of taxes or color of title.

Question 21Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A boundary line that follows a meandering stream in a deed is generally interpreted how?

  1. The line extends to the center of the earth
  2. The line is void unless surveyed
  3. The line moves with the stream's gradual changes Correct answer.
  4. The line is permanently fixed at the date of the deed

Explanation

A call to a meandering stream is treated as following the water as it gradually shifts through accretion. This keeps the riparian boundary consistent with the natural feature.

Question 22Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

What is the effect of a quitclaim deed on the grantor's title warranty?

  1. It guarantees the grantor owns a marketable title
  2. It warrants against all prior encumbrances
  3. It conveys only a life estate
  4. It conveys whatever interest the grantor has without warranty of title Correct answer.

Explanation

A quitclaim deed transfers the grantor's present interest, if any, with no covenants of title. The grantee takes the risk that the grantor's interest may be defective or nonexistent.

Question 23Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

Which recording statute protects a subsequent purchaser who records first without notice of a prior unrecorded conveyance?

  1. Tacking statute
  2. Race-notice statute Correct answer.
  3. Notice statute
  4. Pure race statute

Explanation

A race-notice statute protects a later purchaser who takes without notice and records before the prior unrecorded interest. A pure race statute rewards recording first regardless of notice, and a notice statute protects a purchaser without notice regardless of recording order.

Question 24Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor discovers a discrepancy between the record deed and the physical occupation line along a hedge that has been maintained for decades. What is the most appropriate professional first step?

  1. Immediately set monuments along the deed line and ignore the hedge
  2. Report the discrepancy to the state licensing board
  3. Research the history of the hedge and any agreements or statutes affecting the line Correct answer.
  4. Refuse to complete the survey

Explanation

Unwritten rights such as acquiescence, adverse possession, or agreement may have altered the legal boundary, so the surveyor should research the occupation history and applicable law before deciding. Documenting and evaluating evidence is the professional approach.

Question 25Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

The term 'color of title' in boundary and title law refers to what?

  1. A written instrument that appears to convey title but has a legal defect Correct answer.
  2. A title insurance policy
  3. A verbal claim of ownership passed down through generations
  4. The physical color marking on survey stakes

Explanation

Color of title is a document that purports to convey the land but is defective in some way, yet it can support adverse possession or extend the possessed area under some statutes. It provides the appearance of right without perfect title.

Question 26Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

In a boundary survey, a surveyor finds a bearing tree marked with the original surveyor's blaze and scribe marks. Under the rules of evidence for boundary retracement, how should this tree be treated?

  1. As a temporary reference point that must be verified by a later survey
  2. As evidence of adverse possession by the adjacent landowner
  3. As a collateral act of possession that is subordinate to the deed's written calls
  4. As an original monument that controls over the deed's bearing and distance calls Correct answer.

Explanation

Original monuments, including bearing trees marked by the original surveyor, are considered the best evidence of the original boundary location. Courts generally hold that a call for a monument controls over conflicting courses and distances in the deed description. The tree should be treated as an original monument that prevails over the deed's bearing and distance calls.

Question 27Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed conveys a parcel 'to A for life, then to B and his heirs.' What estate does B hold during A's lifetime?

  1. A fee simple subject to A's life estate
  2. A contingent remainder subject to A's survival
  3. A vested remainder in fee simple Correct answer.
  4. A reversionary interest held by the grantor

Explanation

A remainder is vested when it is created in an ascertained person and is not subject to a condition precedent other than the termination of the preceding estate. B is ascertained and the only condition is the end of A's life estate, so B holds a vested remainder in fee simple. The grantor retains no reversion because the fee simple is fully disposed of.

Question 28Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor is retracing a metes-and-bounds description that calls for a line to run 'to the center of the creek.' The creek is non-navigable and the deed does not state otherwise. What is the general rule for the boundary location?

  1. The boundary is the thread of the stream, meaning the center of the main channel. Correct answer.
  2. The boundary is the edge of the creek's meander line as shown on the government plat.
  3. The boundary is the low-water mark on the grantor's side of the creek.
  4. The boundary is the ordinary high-water mark on the grantee's side of the creek.

Explanation

For non-navigable streams, a conveyance that calls for the stream as a boundary generally extends to the thread of the stream, which is the center of the main channel. This rule gives the riparian owner rights to the bed of the non-navigable stream. The ordinary high-water mark and low-water mark rules apply to navigable waters, not to non-navigable creeks.

Question 29Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed describes a parcel by reference to a recorded subdivision plat. The plat shows a 10-foot utility easement along the rear lot line. The deed itself contains no easement language. What is the effect of the easement on the lot owner?

  1. The easement is binding because the deed incorporates the plat by reference. Correct answer.
  2. The easement is not binding because it is not recited in the deed.
  3. The easement is binding only if the lot owner had actual knowledge of it.
  4. The easement is void because easements cannot be created by plat dedication.

Explanation

When a deed references a recorded plat, the plat is incorporated into the deed as if fully set forth. The lot owner takes title subject to all easements and restrictions shown on the plat, whether or not they are separately recited. Actual knowledge is not required when the easement appears on the incorporated plat.

Question 30Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor discovers that a deed's written area is 5.00 acres, but the metes-and-bounds calls enclose 5.25 acres. Under the rules of construction, which controls?

  1. The stated area, because it is the most specific call.
  2. Neither; the discrepancy voids the deed description.
  3. The area, because it is a calculated value.
  4. The metes-and-bounds lines, because area is the least reliable call. Correct answer.

Explanation

In the hierarchy of deed calls, area is generally the least reliable and yields to courses, distances, and monuments. The metes-and-bounds lines that enclose 5.25 acres control over the stated area of 5.00 acres. The stated area is a general description that yields to the specific boundary lines.

Question 31Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A grantor conveys a parcel by a deed that contains the phrase 'and grantor warrants the title against all claims.' The deed also states that the conveyance is 'subject to all easements of record.' What type of deed has the grantor delivered?

  1. A bargain and sale deed
  2. A general warranty deed Correct answer.
  3. A quitclaim deed
  4. A special warranty deed

Explanation

A general warranty deed contains covenants warranting title against all claims, including those arising before the grantor's ownership. The phrase 'warrants the title against all claims' is the hallmark of a general warranty. A special warranty deed limits the warranty to claims arising during the grantor's ownership.

Question 32Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor is asked to locate a boundary line that has been marked by a fence for 25 years. The record deed places the line 10 feet to the north. The jurisdiction recognizes boundary by acquiescence. What is the most likely legal effect?

  1. The fence line controls if the adjoining owners treated it as the boundary for the statutory period. Correct answer.
  2. The deed line controls unless the owner files a quiet title action.
  3. The fence line controls only if the owner paid taxes on the disputed strip.
  4. The deed line controls because it is the written record.

Explanation

Boundary by acquiescence arises when adjoining owners treat a fence or other line as the boundary for the statutory period, even if it differs from the deed line. The doctrine requires the owners to have recognized and acquiesced in the line as the boundary. Payment of taxes is not an element of boundary by acquiescence.

Question 33Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed conveys a parcel 'to the Grantor's heirs and assigns forever.' The grantor is still living at the time of the conveyance. Under the doctrine of merger, what estate passes?

  1. A fee simple passes to the grantor's heirs, who are determined at the time of conveyance.
  2. A fee simple passes to the grantor's heirs, who are determined at the grantor's death. Correct answer.
  3. A life estate passes to the grantor, with remainder to the heirs.
  4. No estate passes because the grantor's heirs have no present interest.

Explanation

A conveyance to the grantor's heirs creates a remainder in the heirs, who are ascertained at the grantor's death. The grantor retains a life estate by operation of law, and the heirs take a fee simple upon the grantor's death. The doctrine of merger does not merge the life estate and remainder because the grantor's heirs have no present interest during the grantor's life.

Question 34Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor finds that a deed's call for a distance of 200.00 feet along a line actually measures 199.50 feet between the found monuments. The monuments are original and undisturbed. What should the surveyor do?

  1. Hold the monuments and note the discrepancy in the survey record. Correct answer.
  2. Reject the monuments as unreliable and rely on the deed distance.
  3. Average the distance and the monument location.
  4. Hold the distance and set a new monument at 200.00 feet.

Explanation

Original monuments that are undisturbed control over the deed's distance calls. The surveyor should hold the monuments and note the discrepancy in the record, because the monuments are the best evidence of the original boundary location. Setting a new monument at the deed distance would ignore the controlling evidence.

Question 35Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A landowner has used a strip of adjoining land for grazing for 15 years. The jurisdiction requires 10 years of adverse possession, but the landowner's use was permissive under an oral agreement with the adjoining owner. What is the effect on the adverse possession claim?

  1. The claim fails only if the adjoining owner objected during the period.
  2. The claim succeeds if the landowner paid the property taxes.
  3. The claim fails because permissive use is not adverse. Correct answer.
  4. The claim succeeds because the statutory period has run.

Explanation

Adverse possession requires use that is hostile, meaning without the owner's permission. Permissive use under an oral agreement negates the hostility element, so the claim fails regardless of the length of use. Payment of taxes does not cure the lack of hostility.

Question 36Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed contains a description that is ambiguous because it calls for both a stone monument and a bearing tree at the same corner, and they are not in the same location. The stone monument is older and appears to be original. How should the surveyor resolve the conflict?

  1. Prefer the deed's distance call to the corner.
  2. Prefer the bearing tree because it is a natural monument.
  3. Declare the corner lost and set a new one by proportion.
  4. Prefer the stone monument because it is the older original monument. Correct answer.

Explanation

When two monuments conflict, the older original monument is generally preferred as the more reliable evidence of the original survey. The stone monument, being older and original, should control over the bearing tree. A corner is not lost merely because of a conflict between monuments; the surveyor must evaluate the evidence.

Question 37Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor is preparing a boundary survey plat for recording. The plat shows a discrepancy between the record deed line and the occupied line. What is the primary purpose of showing both lines on the recorded plat?

  1. To establish the occupied line as the legal boundary.
  2. To give notice of the discrepancy and preserve evidence for future resolution. Correct answer.
  3. To transfer title to the disputed strip.
  4. To satisfy the recording statute for the deed.

Explanation

A recorded survey plat provides public notice of the surveyor's findings, including discrepancies between record and occupation lines. It preserves evidence that may be used in future boundary resolution or litigation. The plat does not itself establish the legal boundary or transfer title.

Question 38Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed conveys a parcel 'to A and B as joint tenants with right of survivorship.' A conveys her interest to C. What is the effect on the joint tenancy?

  1. The joint tenancy is severed as to A's interest, and C holds as a tenant in common with B. Correct answer.
  2. C takes A's interest as a joint tenant with B.
  3. The joint tenancy continues between B and C.
  4. The conveyance is void because joint tenants cannot convey separately.

Explanation

A joint tenant may convey her interest unilaterally, but the conveyance severs the joint tenancy as to that interest. The grantee, C, holds the conveyed interest as a tenant in common with the remaining joint tenant, B. The right of survivorship is destroyed as to the conveyed share.

Question 39Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A surveyor is retracing a Public Land Survey section line and finds that the original quarter-corner monument is missing. Under the rules for lost corners, how should the quarter corner be reestablished?

  1. By proportioning between the nearest existing original corners on the line.
  2. By accepting the nearest fence corner as the quarter corner.
  3. By running a new line at the record bearing and distance from the section corner.
  4. By setting it at the midpoint of the straight line between the section corners. Correct answer.

Explanation

For a lost quarter corner on a line between two existing section corners, the general rule is to reestablish it at the midpoint of the straight line connecting the two corners. Proportioning is used for lost section corners, not quarter corners on a straight line. Fence corners are not original monuments and do not control.

Question 40Boundary Surveying and Legal Principles

A deed description calls for a boundary to run 'to a large oak tree, thence along the fence to the road.' The oak tree has been removed, but its stump remains in the same location. How should the surveyor treat the stump?

  1. As a natural feature that has no legal significance.
  2. As a temporary marker that must be replaced by a new monument.
  3. As a monument that still controls the corner location. Correct answer.
  4. As evidence that the corner is lost and must be proportioned.

Explanation

A monument need not remain in its original form to control; a stump or other remains at the original location can still serve as evidence of the monument. The surveyor should treat the stump as the called-for monument and hold the corner at that location. The corner is not lost merely because the tree was cut.

Question 41Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A boundary described as running N 45°00'00" E has an azimuth (measured clockwise from north) of:

  1. 315°00'00"
  2. 135°00'00"
  3. 45°00'00" Correct answer.
  4. 225°00'00"

Explanation

Azimuths are measured clockwise from north through 360°. A northeast bearing falls in the first quadrant, where azimuth equals the bearing angle directly, so N 45° E corresponds to an azimuth of 45°.

Question 42Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A survey traverse of a closed loop contains 8 interior angles. The sum of the interior angles, in degrees, should equal:

  1. 1260
  2. 1440
  3. 1080 Correct answer.
  4. 900

Explanation

The interior angles of a closed polygon with n sides sum to (n − 2) × 180°. For n = 8, that is 6 × 180° = 1080°.

Question 43Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A distance of 1,250.00 ft is to be expressed in chains (1 chain = 66 ft). The distance is closest to:

  1. 22.73 chains
  2. 18.94 chains Correct answer.
  3. 20.83 chains
  4. 15.15 chains

Explanation

Divide the measured distance by the chain length: 1250 ÷ 66 = 18.94 chains. This conversion is standard when converting between feet and Gunter's chain units in boundary descriptions.

Question 44Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

In plane surveying, the effect of Earth curvature on a level line over a distance of 1 mile is approximately:

  1. 1.33 ft
  2. 0.02 ft
  3. 0.20 ft
  4. 0.67 ft Correct answer.

Explanation

Curvature correction is approximately 0.667 ft per mile squared (0.023 ft per 1000 ft). Over 1 mile the drop is about 0.67 ft, which is why long sights require curvature and refraction corrections.

Question 45Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A horizontal distance of 500.00 ft is measured along ground sloping at a constant 10°00' from horizontal. The horizontal distance is closest to:

  1. 507.71 ft
  2. 492.40 ft Correct answer.
  3. 86.82 ft
  4. 508.60 ft

Explanation

Horizontal distance equals slope distance times the cosine of the slope angle: 500 × cos 10° = 500 × 0.9848 = 492.40 ft. Slope distance must always be reduced to horizontal before computing coordinates.

Question 46Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A total station reads a vertical angle of 92°30'00" in the zenith mode (0° at zenith). The elevation difference between instrument axis and target, for a slope distance of 300.00 ft, is closest to:

  1. 29.99 ft
  2. −13.08 ft
  3. 13.08 ft Correct answer.
  4. 13.10 ft

Explanation

The zenith angle is 92.5°, so the elevation angle above horizontal is 90° − 92.5° = −2.5°. Elevation difference = 300 × sin(2.5°) = 13.08 ft downward, but the magnitude reported is 13.08 ft.

Question 47Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

Coordinates of two points, given as (northing, easting), are A(5000.00, 5000.00) and B(5326.80, 5180.40). The bearing from A to B is closest to:

  1. N 61°05' E
  2. N 28°55' E Correct answer.
  3. S 61°05' W
  4. N 28°55' W

Explanation

The coordinates are ordered as northing, easting, so ΔN = 326.80 and ΔE = 180.40. Both are positive, placing B northeast of A. The bearing angle is arctan(180.40/326.80) ≈ 28°54', making N 28°55' E the closest listed choice.

Question 48Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A closed traverse has the following departures: +250.00, −180.00, +75.00, and −140.00. The linear misclosure in departures is:

  1. −5.00
  2. 0.00
  3. +5.00 Correct answer.
  4. +10.00

Explanation

Sum the departures: 250 − 180 + 75 − 140 = +5.00. A nonzero algebraic sum indicates misclosure that must be adjusted across the traverse legs.

Question 49Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A rectangular lot measures 250.00 ft by 400.00 ft. Its area in acres is closest to:

  1. 1.15 acres
  2. 4.59 acres
  3. 2.76 acres
  4. 2.30 acres Correct answer.

Explanation

Area = 250 × 400 = 100,000 ft². Dividing by 43,560 ft² per acre gives 2.30 acres.

Question 50Mathematics, Measurement, and Computations

A level loop of 12 setups closes with an error of 0.048 ft. The allowable misclosure using the standard for a second-order class I level run, 0.035 ft × √(miles), for a total run of 3.00 miles, is closest to:

  1. 0.021 ft
  2. 0.105 ft
  3. 0.061 ft Correct answer.
  4. 0.035 ft

Explanation

Apply the formula: 0.035 × √3.00 = 0.035 × 1.732 = 0.061 ft. Because the observed 0.048 ft error is less than the allowable 0.061 ft, the loop meets that standard.