COMPRO CBT Exam cheat sheet

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1,024 bytes; 1 MB = 1,024 KB; 1 GB = 1,024 MB.

CPU cycle: fetch an instruction from memory, decode it, execute it in the ALU, then store the result.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile and holds firmware such as BIOS/UEFI.

Cache levels L1, L2, and L3 sit between the CPU and RAM; L1 is the smallest and fastest.

An address bus with n lines can address 2^n memory locations; data bus width sets bits transferred per cycle.

HDD stores data magnetically on spinning platters; SSD stores data in flash memory with no moving parts.

Common ports: USB for peripherals, HDMI for digital video and audio, RJ-45 for Ethernet, 3.5 mm for audio.

Binary 1011 equals 11 decimal; hexadecimal uses 0-9 and A-F, and one hex digit represents 4 bits.

OS roles: process scheduling, memory management, file system control, device drivers, and user interface.

FAT32 has a 4 GB maximum file size; NTFS and exFAT support larger files; ext4 is standard on Linux.

An absolute path starts at the root (/ or C:); a relative path starts from the current working directory.

Copy duplicates a file and leaves the original; move relocates it and changes its path.

Virtual memory pages inactive data to disk; excessive paging causes thrashing and slows the system.

Round-robin scheduling gives each process a fixed time slice; FCFS runs processes in arrival order.

Permissions read (r), write (w), and execute (x) apply to owner, group, and others in Unix-like systems.

Full backup copies everything; incremental copies changes since the last backup of any type; differential copies changes since the last full backup.

Word wrap moves text to the next line automatically; Enter inserts a paragraph mark, Shift+Enter a line break.

Character styles format selected text; paragraph styles format an entire paragraph and enable automatic tables of contents.

A page break forces content to a new page; a section break allows different margins, orientation, headers, or numbering.

Headers and footers repeat on every page; page numbers are inserted as fields that update automatically.

Track Changes records insertions, deletions, and formatting; comments attach notes without altering text.

Mail merge requires a main document plus a data source containing one record per recipient.

Find and Replace can match case, whole words, and wildcards such as ? for one character and * for any string.

DOCX is the editable Word format; PDF preserves layout; TXT keeps plain text but loses all formatting.

Every formula begins with =; operators evaluate in this order: ^, then * and /, then + and -.

Relative reference A1 changes when copied; absolute $A$1 does not; mixed A$1 fixes the row, $A1 fixes the column.

SUM adds a range, AVERAGE returns the mean, COUNT counts numbers, and COUNTA counts non-empty cells.

IF(test, value_if_true, value_if_false) returns one of two results based on a logical test.

VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index, FALSE) finds an exact match in the first column.

Error values: #DIV/0! divide by zero; #VALUE! wrong data type; #REF! deleted reference; #NAME? unrecognized name; #N/A no match.

Pie charts show parts of a whole; line charts show trends over time; column charts compare categories; scatter plots show correlation.

Sorting reorders records; filtering hides rows that fail criteria without deleting them; freeze panes locks rows or columns on screen.

The slide master controls theme fonts, colors, background, and placeholder positions for all slides using its layouts.

Views: Normal for editing, Slide Sorter for reordering, Notes Page for speaker notes, Slide Show for presenting.

Transitions occur between slides; animations apply to objects within a single slide.

Presenter view shows the current slide, next slide, notes, and timer to the speaker only.

16:9 widescreen is 13.333 x 7.5 inches; 4:3 standard is 10 x 7.5 inches.

Embedding copies an object into the file; linking stores a reference that updates when the source changes.

Reading order and alt text on images improve accessibility for screen-reader users.

Export to PDF preserves layout; export to video saves transitions and timings as a playable file.

URL structure: protocol://host/path?query#fragment; HTTPS uses port 443, HTTP uses port 80.

DNS converts domain names to IP addresses; DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.

Browser cache stores local copies of pages; cookies store site-specific state; private mode does not keep history or cookies after closing.

Search operators: "exact phrase" in quotes, -word excludes, site: limits to a domain, filetype: limits to a file type.

To, Cc, and Bcc send to recipients; Bcc hides addresses from other recipients.

SMTP sends outgoing mail; POP3 downloads and often deletes server copies; IMAP keeps mail synchronized on the server.

Reply goes to the sender; Reply All goes to the sender plus all original To and Cc recipients; Forward sends to new recipients.

Phishing signs: mismatched sender address, urgency, unexpected attachments, and links whose visible text differs from the actual URL.

Database hierarchy: field (column), record (row), table, then database.

A primary key uniquely identifies a record and cannot be null; a foreign key references another table's primary key.

One-to-many relationships use the primary key of the one side as a foreign key on the many side; many-to-many needs a junction table.

1NF requires atomic values; 2NF removes partial dependencies on part of a composite key; 3NF removes transitive dependencies.

SQL clauses run logically in this order: SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY.

SELECT retrieves rows; INSERT adds rows; UPDATE modifies rows; DELETE removes rows.

Access objects: a table stores data, a query retrieves it, a form edits it, and a report prints it.

Wildcards in queries: * matches any number of characters, ? matches one character; indexes speed lookups.

CIA triad: confidentiality, integrity, availability.

Authentication factors: something you know (password), something you have (token), something you are (biometrics).

Malware types: virus attaches to files, worm spreads itself, trojan disguises as legitimate software, ransomware encrypts and demands payment, spyware collects data.

Symmetric encryption uses one shared key; asymmetric encryption uses a public key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt.

A firewall filters network traffic by rules; antivirus scans for known malicious code; patching closes known vulnerabilities.

3-2-1 backup rule: three copies of data, on two different media, with one copy off-site.

Copyright protects original works automatically; open-source and Creative Commons licenses define permitted reuse.

Personal data should be collected with consent, kept accurate, used only for stated purposes, and protected from unauthorized access.