ISPON HSE Level 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Hierarchy of control

The ranked order of risk controls from most to least effective: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and finally personal protective equipment.

LTIFR formula

Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate equals the number of lost time injuries multiplied by 1,000,000, divided by total hours worked. It normalises injury rates across sites.

Hazard versus risk

A hazard is any source of potential harm, while risk combines the likelihood of that harm occurring with its severity. Risk is assessed after identifying the hazard.

Factory Act 1990

Nigerian statute (Cap F1 LFN 2004) requiring factory registration, accident notification, and minimum safety, health, and welfare provisions for workers.

Employee's Compensation Act 2010

Nigerian law administered by NSITF that provides compensation to workers or their dependants for workplace injury, disability, or death, replacing the Workmen's Compensation Act.

NESREA Act 2007

Established the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, which enforces environmental standards, permits, and regulations in Nigeria and superseded the earlier FEPA role.

NIS 150

Nigerian Industrial Standard published by SON setting out the national code of practice for occupational health and safety management systems.

5x5 risk matrix

A tool scoring risk as Likelihood multiplied by Severity, each rated 1 to 5, producing scores from 1 to 25 used to rank and prioritise controls.

ALARP principle

Risk should be reduced to As Low As Reasonably Practicable, balancing the cost and difficulty of further controls against the benefit gained.

Job Safety Analysis

A task-specific technique that breaks a job into sequential steps, identifies hazards at each step, and specifies controls before work begins.

Residual risk

The level of risk remaining after all planned controls have been applied; it must be recorded and re-assessed when processes or equipment change.

PPE as last resort

PPE does not remove the hazard and protects only the wearer, so it ranks last in the hierarchy of control and depends on correct fit, use, and maintenance.

Respirator fit testing

A check confirming a tight-fitting respirator seals to the wearer's face; it is required before use because a poor seal allows contaminants to leak in.

Hearing protector attenuation

The reduction in noise reaching the ear provided by earplugs or earmuffs, rated by NRR or SNR; real-world protection is lower than the label rating.

Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)

An energy isolation procedure using personal locks and tags on isolation points, with verification of zero energy, to prevent unexpected start-up during maintenance.

Swiss Cheese model

An accident causation model in which multiple layers of defence each have weaknesses; an accident occurs when holes in several layers align.

Machine guarding purpose

Guards physically prevent access to dangerous machine parts such as nip points and rotating shafts, and interlocked guards stop the machine when opened.

Fire tetrahedron

The four elements needed for fire: fuel, oxygen, heat, and the chemical chain reaction. Removing any one element extinguishes or prevents the fire.

PASS technique

The method for using a fire extinguisher: Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep from side to side.

Flash point

The lowest temperature at which a liquid releases enough vapour to ignite when exposed to an ignition source; a lower flash point means greater fire hazard.

Fire class F or K

Fires involving cooking oils and fats in commercial kitchens; they require wet chemical extinguishers, because water can cause violent spattering and spread.

Adult CPR ratio

For adult basic life support, deliver chest compressions at 100 to 120 per minute, 5 to 6 cm deep, in a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths.

Recovery position

A side-lying position for an unresponsive casualty who is breathing, keeping the airway open and reducing the risk of aspiration while awaiting help.

DRSABCD sequence

The first aid and basic life support action sequence: Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, CPR, and Defibrillation.

Severe bleeding control

Apply direct pressure with a clean dressing and elevate the limb if possible; use a tourniquet only when direct pressure fails and the limb is at risk.

Waste hierarchy

The preferred order of waste management: prevention, reuse, recycling, recovery including energy recovery, and disposal as the least preferred option.

Aspect versus impact

An environmental aspect is an activity or product that interacts with the environment; the impact is the resulting change, such as pollution or resource depletion.

Hazardous waste traits

Waste is hazardous if it is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic, infectious, or radioactive; such waste needs segregation, manifest tracking, and licensed disposal.

ISO 45001

The international standard for occupational health and safety management systems, replacing OHSAS 18001 and following the Plan-Do-Check-Act continual improvement cycle.

Leading versus lagging indicators

Leading indicators measure preventive activity such as near-miss reporting and training completion; lagging indicators measure outcomes such as injury rates after the fact.

Safety culture maturity

A model describing progression from reactive (blame after incidents) through dependent and independent stages to interdependent, where teams share ownership of safety.

Permit-to-Work system

A formal authorisation for high-risk tasks such as hot work, confined space entry, or work at height, verifying that controls are in place before work starts.