Staatsexamen flashcards
Staatsexamen · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Staatsexamen
- German state examination administered by the Länder; passing it is a prerequisite for regulated professions such as law, medicine, pharmacy, and teaching, and results are recognized nationwide.
- Gutachtenstil
- Legal expert-opinion writing style that tests each element hypothetically: premise, definition, subsumption of facts, and conclusion, used for exams and legal assessments.
- Subsumtion
- Applying a statutory element to the facts by defining the legal concept and checking whether the case satisfies it, producing a reasoned conclusion on the legal consequence.
- Rechtsquellenlehre
- Doctrine of legal sources ranking EU law, the Grundgesetz, formal statutes, statutory instruments, and municipal statutes, with customary law only as a residual source.
- Sensitivity
- Proportion of people with disease who test positive; a highly sensitive test with a negative result makes the disease unlikely, supporting rule-out decisions.
- Specificity
- Proportion of people without disease who test negative; a highly specific test with a positive result makes the disease likely, supporting rule-in decisions.
- Number needed to treat
- Reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction; the number of patients who must receive treatment for one additional favorable outcome over a defined time horizon.
- Likelihood ratio
- Ratio of the probability of a test result in diseased versus non-diseased people; post-test odds equal pre-test odds multiplied by the likelihood ratio.
- Anspruchsgrundlage
- Legal basis for a claim, such as a contract or statute; case solutions examine each basis, its requirements, and possible defenses before concluding.
- Proportionality test
- Four-step review of state action: legitimate aim, suitability, necessity as least intrusive means, and balancing of burdens against the aim.
- Differential diagnosis ranking
- Ordering candidate diagnoses by probability and by danger, prioritizing can't-miss conditions before targeted testing and management planning.
- Safety-netting
- Agreed plan for follow-up and warning signs given to a patient, specifying when and how to seek further care if symptoms change.
- Widerspruch
- Formal objection against an administrative act, filed within the statutory period, usually one month, and decided by the issuing or supervisory authority.
- Approbation
- Medical license granted after completed studies, health suitability, reliability, and language proficiency; it can be restricted or revoked for cause.
- Berufsgeheimnis
- Professional secrecy under §203 StGB; disclosure of confidential information requires patient consent or explicit statutory authorization.
- Informed consent
- Disclosure of nature, risks, and alternatives before an intervention, followed by voluntary agreement; failure can render the intervention unlawful.
- GDPR health data
- Processing health data requires a legal basis under Art. 6 and Art. 9(2) GDPR, plus compliance with national retention and access rules.
- Justification grounds
- Circumstances such as self-defense (§32 StGB) or necessity (§34 StGB) that make an otherwise unlawful act lawful.
- Four principles
- Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice form the standard framework for analyzing ethical dilemmas in clinical and professional practice.
- Herd immunity threshold
- Calculated as 1 − 1/R0; the vaccination coverage needed to interrupt transmission, above 90-95% for measles.
- Bloom's taxonomy
- Hierarchy of learning objectives: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create; used to design assessments aligned with intended outcomes.
- Constructive alignment
- Design principle requiring learning outcomes, teaching activities, and assessment tasks to match each other so that assessment measures the intended learning.
- SBAR handover
- Structured communication tool: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation, delivered briefly with read-back confirmation of critical information.
- Shared decision-making
- Collaborative process in which clinicians present options and absolute risks while patients articulate values and preferences before a joint decision.
- Formative feedback
- Specific, timely, task-focused information given during learning to improve performance, distinct from summative grading at the end of a course.
- OSCE
- Objective Structured Clinical Examination: a series of timed standardized stations scored by checklists and global ratings to assess clinical and communication skills.
- WHO five moments
- Hand hygiene indications: before patient contact, before aseptic task, after body fluid risk, after patient contact, and after contact with surroundings.
- Basic life support
- Check responsiveness and breathing, call for help, give chest compressions at 100-120/min with 5-6 cm depth, and apply an AED when available.
- SOAP note
- Clinical documentation format with Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan sections, dated, timed, and signed by the author.
- Escalation thresholds
- Vital sign limits such as respiratory rate above 25, systolic pressure below 90, or saturation below 92% that require urgent clinical review.
- Safe prescribing checks
- Verify right patient, drug, dose, route, and time, and check allergies, organ function, interactions, and pregnancy status before administration.
- ABCDE assessment
- Structured emergency approach covering Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure, treating the most life-threatening problem first.