Norway PPL Theory flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

PPL minimum flight time

EASA Part-FCL requires at least 45 hours total flight time for PPL(A), including 25 hours dual instruction and 10 hours solo, with at least 5 hours solo cross-country.

SEP rating validity

The single-engine piston class rating is valid for 24 months from issue or renewal. Within the last 12 months the holder must complete 12 hours flight time, 6 hours PIC, 12 take-offs and landings, and one training flight of at least 1 hour with an instructor.

VFR minima in controlled airspace

Under SERA.5001, VFR in controlled airspace generally requires 5 km flight visibility and 1500 m horizontal, 300 m vertical distance from cloud. At or below 900 m AMSL, 5 km visibility and clear of cloud with surface in sight.

VFR cruising levels

Magnetic track 000–179 uses odd thousands plus 500 ft (3500, 5500 ft); track 180–359 uses even thousands plus 500 ft (4500, 6500 ft). Check national AIP for variations.

Right-of-way order

Balloons, gliders and airships have priority over power-driven aircraft. Converging aircraft of the same category: the one on the right has right-of-way. Head-on: both turn right. Overtaking: pass on the right.

Airworthiness Review Certificate

The ARC is valid for 12 months and is renewed after an airworthiness review by a Part-M or Part-CAMO organisation or the competent authority. Flight without a valid ARC is not permitted.

Mass and balance limits

Take-off mass, landing mass and CG position must remain within the AFM limits for the whole flight. Forward CG increases stall speed and landing distance; aft CG reduces static stability.

Magneto check limits

During run-up, maximum drop is typically 150 rpm and maximum difference between magnetos 50 rpm, per the AFM/POH. Excessive drop or roughness indicates ignition or spark plug problems and departure should be delayed.

Altimeter setting QNH

QNH is the pressure reduced to mean sea level; with QNH set the altimeter reads altitude above MSL. QFE reads height above the reference point; standard 1013.25 hPa is used at or above the transition altitude.

Density altitude formula

Density altitude equals pressure altitude plus 120 ft per degree Celsius above ISA temperature. High density altitude increases take-off and landing distance and reduces climb performance.

1-in-60 rule

A one-degree heading error produces one nautical mile of lateral error per 60 nautical miles flown. Use it to estimate drift and to calculate track corrections in flight.

Magnetic variation rule

Convert true course to magnetic course using variation: east is least (subtract), west is best (add). Then apply compass deviation from the correction card to obtain compass heading.

Fuel planning VFR

VFR day requires fuel to destination plus 30 minutes cruise at 1500 ft above destination; VFR night requires 45 minutes. Add contingency and alternate fuel where the operational rules require it.

Time of useful consciousness

At 25 000 ft time of useful consciousness is about 3–5 minutes; at 18 000 ft about 20–30 minutes. Hypoxia impairs judgement and vision before the pilot notices symptoms.

IMSAFE checklist

Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol (8 hours bottle-to-throttle and no residual effect), Fatigue, Emotion/Eating. Use it before every flight to assess pilot fitness.

Sterile cockpit

No non-essential conversation or activity during taxi, take-off, approach and landing, and below 10 000 ft. Distraction is a leading cause of aviation incidents.

Stall recovery

Reduce angle of attack by pushing forward, apply full power, keep wings level, then recover. Practise at altitude with an instructor and never close to the ground.

Wake turbulence avoidance

Avoid the flight path of heavy aircraft. Land after the preceding aircraft has touched down and rotate before its touchdown point; stay above its flight path on approach.

Engine failure after take-off

Lower the nose to maintain best glide speed, choose a landing area within reach, and do not turn back below 500 ft. Transmit Mayday on 121.5 MHz and squawk 7700.

Radio failure VFR

Squawk 7600, continue VFR, maintain a lookout, and land at the nearest suitable aerodrome. Try alternate frequencies and listen on the published frequency.

Transponder codes

Squawk 7000 for VFR in Europe unless ATC assigns otherwise; 7700 for emergency, 7600 for radio failure, and 7500 for unlawful interference.

MAYDAY vs PAN PAN

MAYDAY signals distress and immediate danger requiring assistance; PAN PAN signals urgency without immediate danger. State call sign, position, nature of problem, intentions and persons on board.

QNH vs QFE

QNH is pressure reduced to mean sea level, giving altitude above MSL on the altimeter. QFE is pressure at the aerodrome reference point, giving height above that point.

Cloud base estimate

Cloud base in feet is approximately the temperature-dewpoint spread in degrees Celsius multiplied by 400. A 5 °C spread gives roughly 2000 ft.

Icing temperature range

Structural icing is most likely between 0 and −20 °C in visible moisture. It increases weight and drag and reduces lift; avoid cloud with temperatures near 0 °C.

TAS and altitude

True airspeed increases with altitude for a given indicated airspeed, roughly 2 percent per 1000 ft. Use the POH or navigation computer to convert IAS to TAS.

Wind triangle

Use the navigation computer or vector method to find heading and groundspeed from TAS, wind direction and speed, and true track. Groundspeed equals TAS plus or minus the wind component along track.

Density altitude performance

High, hot and humid conditions raise density altitude and reduce performance. Apply POH corrections, consider lower mass, and check runway length before departure.

Crosswind limit

Check the aircraft crosswind limit and runway condition. Use the crab or wing-low method as appropriate, and go around if the approach becomes unstable.

Night vision

Use off-centre viewing at night because rods are more sensitive away from the fovea. Allow about 30 minutes for dark adaptation and avoid bright light before night flight.

Scuba diving before flight

After scuba diving, wait at least 24 hours before flying; 12 hours is often accepted for dives without decompression stops. Decompression sickness risk increases with altitude.

Pitot blockage

A blocked pitot tube causes the airspeed indicator to behave like an altimeter: it reads higher in a climb and lower in a descent. The static port remains the pressure source for altitude.