TU CMAT Bachelors cheat sheet

Root words fix meaning fast: 'bene' (good), 'mal' (bad), 'cred' (believe), 'duc/duct' (lead), 'spec' (look), 'voc' (call), 'tract' (pull).

Subject-verb agreement: the verb agrees with the true subject, not a phrase between them - 'The list of items is long'; 'One of the boys was absent'.

Collective nouns (team, jury, committee) take a singular verb when acting as one unit, plural verb when members act individually.

Neither/nor and either/or: the verb agrees with the nearer subject - 'Neither the manager nor the clerks were present'.

'Fewer' counts things (fewer seats); 'less' measures quantity (less traffic). 'Amount' for mass nouns, 'number' for count nouns.

Idiomatic prepositions to memorise: 'comply with', 'averse to', 'capable of', 'insist on', 'deprived of', 'prefer to', 'superior to'.

Para-jumble rule: find the opener (no pronoun/article reference to prior content), then link sentences by pronouns, connectives, and repeated nouns.

Reading comprehension: the correct option must be supported by the passage alone; extreme words (always, never, only) usually mark wrong options.

Percent change = (new − old)/old × 100. Successive changes of a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P. For 2 years, CI − SI = P(R/100)².

Profit% and loss% are always computed on cost price unless stated otherwise; SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100.

Speed conversion: 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; 1 m/s = 18/5 km/h. Distance = speed × time.

Work: if A alone takes a days and B alone b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days.

Average = sum/count; if every value rises by k, the average rises by k; if multiplied by k, average multiplies by k.

Permutations nPr = n!/(n − r)!; combinations nCr = n!/[r!(n − r)!]. Circular arrangements of n distinct objects = (n − 1)!.

Mensuration: circle area πr², circumference 2πr; sphere volume 4/3πr³; cylinder volume πr²h; cone volume 1/3πr²h.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' and 'All B are C' implies 'All A are C'. 'Some A are B' does not convert to 'Some B are A' being false - it does convert validly.

Contrapositive is always valid: 'All A are B' equals 'All non-B are non-A'. Converse ('All B are A') is not automatically valid.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating or two interleaved series.

Coding-decoding: test letter-shift (+1, +2, −1), reversal, and position-sum patterns before assuming a word substitution.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender marks; 'brother of my father' = uncle; 'daughter of my sister' = niece.

Direction sense: use coordinates. Facing north, a right turn is east; facing south, a right turn is west. Net displacement uses Pythagoras.

Seating: for a circle, facing centre means left = clockwise is wrong - facing centre, left is anticlockwise. Facing outward, left is clockwise.

Statement-assumption: an assumption is valid only if the argument cannot stand without it; reject restatements of the statement and extreme claims.

Indian Constitution adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights sit in Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles in Part IV (Articles 36–51); Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976).

RBI was established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949; it is India's central bank and monetary authority.

SEBI (1988 as administrative body, statutory in 1992) regulates Indian securities markets; IRDAI regulates insurance; NPCI runs UPI and RuPay.

GST launched 1 July 2017; it is a destination-based value-added tax with CGST, SGST/UTGST, and IGST components.

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2019: Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer for experimental work on poverty alleviation.

BRICS members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa; India hosted the 2023 summit in Johannesburg under South Africa's chair.

Key dates: World Environment Day 5 June; International Yoga Day 21 June; National Science Day 28 February (Raman effect).

SWOT analyses internal Strengths and Weaknesses and external Opportunities and Threats; PESTLE covers Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental.

Porter's Five Forces: rivalry among existing firms, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers.

Marketing mix 4Ps: Product, Price, Place, Promotion; services add People, Process, Physical evidence (7Ps).

Break-even quantity = Fixed cost / (Selling price − Variable cost per unit); contribution margin = price − variable cost.

Leadership styles: autocratic (centralised decisions), democratic (participative), laissez-faire (hands-off); Theory X assumes workers dislike work, Theory Y assumes self-motivation.

Maslow's hierarchy: physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualisation - lower needs generally precede higher ones.

Company forms in India: sole proprietorship, partnership (Indian Partnership Act 1932), LLP (LLP Act 2008), private limited and public limited companies under the Companies Act 2013.

Financial statements: balance sheet shows assets = liabilities + equity at a date; income statement shows revenue minus expenses over a period; cash flow has operating, investing, financing sections.