TU CMAT Masters cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb even when a prepositional phrase intervenes ("The list of items is long"); compound subjects joined by "and" take a plural verb unless the pair is a single unit.

Neither/nor and either/or agree with the nearer subject: "Neither the manager nor the clerks were informed" versus "Neither the clerks nor the manager was informed."

Collective nouns (team, committee, jury) take a singular verb when acting as one body and a plural verb when members act individually.

"Fewer" modifies countable nouns; "less" modifies mass nouns and figures of measurement ("less money", "fewer coins", "less than five kilometres").

"Who" is the subject pronoun, "whom" the object: test by substituting he/him. "Whoever" and "whomever" follow the same rule inside the clause.

Affect is normally a verb (to influence); effect is normally a noun (result). "Comprise" takes no "of": "The panel comprises five members."

Dangling modifiers: an introductory participial phrase must describe the subject of the main clause ("Walking home, she saw the sign" - not "Walking home, the sign was seen").

Common confusables: principal/principle, stationary/stationery, complement/compliment, imminent/eminent, discreet/discrete, adverse/averse.

Reading comprehension strategy: locate the claim the question names, then match answer wording to passage scope; options that are true but outside the passage are distractors.

Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; successive changes of a% then b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^T, and for half-yearly compounding use R/2 and 2T.

Profit percent is calculated on cost price: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100. Discount percent is calculated on marked price.

Ratio–proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; for two-part mixtures use alligation, (cheaper quantity)/(dearer quantity) = (dearer price − mean)/(mean − cheaper price).

Time–work: combined rate = 1/a + 1/b per unit time; if A is twice as fast as B, A does 2/3 of the work when working together.

Quadratic roots: for ax² + bx + c = 0, sum = −b/a, product = c/a; discriminant b² − 4ac decides real (≥0) versus complex roots.

Geometry: area of a triangle = ½ × base × height = √(s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)); volume of a cylinder = πr²h, of a cone = ⅓πr²h.

Data interpretation: compute the required ratio or percentage from the table first, then compare options; watch for units (thousands, lakhs, percent) and for "percentage points" versus "percent".

Series rule check order: differences, then ratios, then alternating or two interleaved series, then squares/cubes ± constant.

Alphabet positions: A=1 … Z=26; reverse position = 27 − forward position. EJOTY (5,10,15,20,25) gives fast anchors.

Syllogism: "All A are B" plus "All B are C" yields "All A are C"; "All A are B" plus "No B are C" yields "No A are C". Two particular premises yield no definite conclusion.

Syllogism traps: "Some A are B" does not imply "Some B are not A"; a conclusion is valid only if it holds in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises.

Analogy types: functional (pen:write), part–whole (wheel:car), degree (warm:hot), cause–effect (rain:flood), and worker–tool (carpenter:chisel) - identify the relation before choosing.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender and generation markers; vertical lines for parent–child, horizontal for siblings and spouses.

Seating arrangement: fix the certain position first, then apply "left/right" relative to facing direction - reverse left and right for people facing north versus south.

Direction sense: use a compass sketch; net displacement after turns is the straight-line distance, found by Pythagoras on the north–south and east–west legs.

Nepal's legislature is bicameral: the House of Representatives (275 members, 165 first-past-the-post plus 110 proportional) and the National Assembly (59 members).

The President is the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government; the President is elected by an electoral college of federal and provincial legislators.

Nepal has 7 provinces and 753 local units (6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities).

Nepal Rastra Bank is the central bank; it sets the monetary policy and publishes the foreign exchange rates used for trade and remittance reporting.

Remittance inflows are a large share of Nepal's GDP, and tourism, hydropower, agriculture, and carpets/garments are major foreign-exchange earners.

Nepal became a member of the WTO in 2004 and is a founding member of SAARC (1985); it follows a liberalized foreign-investment regime.

Nepal's fiscal year runs from mid-July (Shrawan 1) to mid-July; the annual budget is presented by the Finance Minister before the fiscal year begins.

Sustainable Development Goals run to 2030 with 17 goals; Nepal's periodic plans and the SDG roadmap align national targets with them.

Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity. Every transaction keeps it balanced under double-entry bookkeeping.

Debit increases assets and expenses; credit increases liabilities, equity, and revenue. Trial balance totals must be equal.

Gross profit = Sales − Cost of Goods Sold; net profit = Gross profit − operating and non-operating expenses.

Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities; quick ratio excludes inventory. Debt–equity ratio = total debt / shareholders' equity.

Break-even quantity = fixed costs / (price − variable cost per unit); contribution margin per unit is price minus variable cost.

Time value of money: future value = PV(1 + r)^n; present value = FV/(1 + r)^n. Higher discount rate lowers present value.

Marketing mix (4Ps): product, price, place, promotion. Product life cycle stages are introduction, growth, maturity, decline.

Organizational behaviour: Maslow's hierarchy runs physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization; Herzberg separates hygiene factors from motivators.

Span of control is the number of subordinates reporting to one manager; a narrow span produces a taller hierarchy with more levels.

Mean = sum/n; median = middle value of ordered data (average of the two middle values when n is even); mode = most frequent value.

Standard deviation is the square root of variance; a low SD means values cluster near the mean, and SD is affected by outliers while the median is not.

Coefficient of variation = (standard deviation / mean) × 100, used to compare variability across datasets with different units or means.

In a spreadsheet, absolute references (=$A$1) stay fixed when copied, relative references (A1) shift, and mixed references lock one part only.

Common spreadsheet functions: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT (numeric cells), COUNTA (non-empty cells), IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false), and VLOOKUP for exact-match lookups.

Ratios: simplify by dividing by the greatest common divisor; proportion problems use cross-multiplication, a/b = c/d implies ad = bc.

Index numbers express a value relative to a base: index = (current value / base value) × 100.

Rounding and percentage-point traps: a rise from 20% to 25% is 5 percentage points but a 25% relative increase.