Nepal SEE English cheat sheet

Tense agreement: a past-time marker (yesterday, ago, last week) forces a past form; a since/for phrase with a present result takes present perfect (She has lived here since 2019).

Reported speech backshift: present becomes past, past becomes past perfect, will becomes would; pronouns and time words shift (now→then, tomorrow→the next day).

Passive voice formation: be + past participle; the object of the active clause becomes the subject, and the agent is dropped unless introduced by by.

Conditionals: Type 1 if + present, will + V1; Type 2 if + past, would + V1; Type 3 if + past perfect, would have + V3.

Article choice: a/an before singular countable nouns on first mention, the when the referent is already known or unique; no article with general plurals and abstract nouns.

Question tags use the opposite polarity of the main clause and repeat its auxiliary: She isn't coming, is she? They have finished, haven't they?

Preposition collocations to memorise: depend on, insist on, apologise for, capable of, interested in, good at, married to, afraid of.

Reading comprehension: the answer must be supported by the passage; a statement that is true in general but not stated in the text is not a correct option.

वर्णविन्यास: श, ष, स को प्रयोग शब्दको मूल स्वरूपअनुसार हुन्छ - शिक्षा, पुरुष, संस्कृत; ह्रस्व–दीर्घ जान्नका लागि शब्दको व्युत्पत्ति हेर्नुपर्छ।

कारक र विभक्ति: कर्ता–ले, कर्म–लाई, करण–ले/द्वारा, सम्प्रदान–लाई, अपादान–बाट/देखि, सम्बन्ध–को/का/की, अधिकरण–मा/भित्र।

वाच्य परिवर्तन: कर्तृवाच्यको कर्मलाई कर्ता बनाई कर्मवाच्यमा 'द्वारा/बाट' र कृदन्त ('गरिएको', 'लेखियो') जोडिन्छ।

काल: वर्तमान (गर्छ/गर्दैछ), भूत (गर्यो/गरेको थियो), भविष्य (गर्नेछ/गर्नेछन्); वाक्यभर काल एकनासको राख्नुपर्छ।

पदसङ्गति: लिङ्ग, वचन र आदरका आधारमा विशेषण र क्रियापद कर्तासँग मिल्नुपर्छ - 'राम्रो केटी आई', 'राम्रा केटाहरू आए'।

उखान–टुक्का: उखान पूरा वाक्य हुन्छ (हतारको काम लठार), टुक्का पदावली हो (आँखा चिम्लनु = मर्नु वा बेवास्ता गर्नु)।

पत्र लेखन: औपचारिक पत्रमा ठेगाना, मिति, सम्बोधन, विषय, निवेदन र भाव पर्छन्; अनौपचारिक पत्रमा आत्मीय सम्बोधन र व्यक्तिगत विषय हुन्छ।

निबन्ध संरचना: भूमिका (परिचय), विषयवस्तु (कारण, प्रभाव, उदाहरण), र निष्कर्ष (समाधान वा सार) गरी तीन भागमा लेखिन्छ।

Quadratic formula: for ax² + bx + c = 0, x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a; the discriminant b² − 4ac decides real (≥0), equal (=0) or imaginary (<0) roots.

Mensuration: area of a circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of a cylinder = πr²h, of a cone = (1/3)πr²h, of a sphere = (4/3)πr³.

Right triangle relations: Pythagoras h² = p² + b²; sin θ = p/h, cos θ = b/h, tan θ = p/b; tan θ = sin θ / cos θ.

Simple and compound interest: SI = PTR/100; CI amount A = P(1 + R/100)^T, so CI = A − P.

Sets: n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B); for three sets subtract the three pairwise intersections, add back the triple intersection.

Statistics: mean = Σfx / Σf for grouped data; median class is the class where cumulative frequency first reaches N/2; mode is the most frequent value.

Probability of an event = favourable outcomes / total equally likely outcomes; P(not E) = 1 − P(E), and 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.

HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers; use prime factorisation and take the lowest powers for HCF, highest powers for LCM.

Newton's second law: F = ma; weight W = mg with g ≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth's surface; mass is constant, weight varies with g.

Ohm's law: V = IR; in series R = R₁ + R₂ + …, in parallel 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …; power P = VI = I²R.

Work and energy: work = force × displacement in the direction of force (unit joule); kinetic energy = ½mv², potential energy = mgh.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight; occurs in chloroplasts.

Blood circulation: oxygenated blood travels from lungs to left atrium, left ventricle, then body via the aorta; the right side handles deoxygenated blood.

Acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue; pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; acid + base gives salt + water.

Classification: vertebrates have a backbone and are grouped as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; mammals have hair and mammary glands.

Ecosystem terms: producers make food, consumers eat others, decomposers break down dead matter; energy flows one way and is lost as heat at each trophic level.

Federal structure of Nepal: three tiers - federal, provincial (7 provinces) and local (753 local units: 6 metropolitan, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities).

Fundamental rights in the Constitution of Nepal 2072 are mostly enforceable in court; directive principles and policies are not directly justiciable.

Latitude lines run east–west and measure north–south position; longitude lines run north–south and measure east–west position; Nepal lies roughly 26°N–31°N and 80°E–89°E.

Nepal's physiographic regions from south to north: Terai, Chure/Siwalik, Hill, and Himalayan; the Terai holds most cultivated land and the Himalaya holds the highest peaks.

SAARC has eight member states (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka); its secretariat is in Kathmandu.

Life skills defined by WHO: self-awareness, empathy, critical thinking, creative thinking, decision making, problem solving, effective communication, interpersonal relationship, coping with stress, coping with emotion.

Good governance indicators include transparency, accountability, rule of law, participation and responsiveness; corruption weakens all five.

Human rights generations: first generation civil-political, second generation economic-social-cultural, third generation collective/solidarity rights such as a clean environment.

Subject–verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb even when a plural noun follows in a prepositional phrase (The box of pens is heavy).

Gerund and infinitive patterns: enjoy/like/avoid + V-ing; want/decide/hope + to + V1; make/let + bare infinitive.

Relative clauses: who for people, which for things, whose for possession, where for places; defining clauses take no comma, non-defining clauses do.

Direct to indirect questions drop the question word order: He asked where I lived, not He asked where did I live.

Comparatives: one-syllable adjectives take -er/-est; longer adjectives take more/most; irregular forms are good–better–best, bad–worse–worst.

Vocabulary in context: choose the option that fits both the meaning and the grammatical slot of the sentence, not the most familiar word.

समास: द्वन्द्व (आमाबाबु), द्विगु (चौमासा), तत्पुरुष (राजकुमार), बहुव्रीहि (चतुर्भुज), अव्ययीभाव (प्रतिदिन), कर्मधारय (महात्मा)।

उपसर्ग र प्रत्यय: उपसर्ग शब्दको अगाडि जोडिन्छ (प्र + गति = प्रगति), प्रत्यय पछाडि (मानव + ता = मानवता)।

सन्धि: स्वर सन्धिमा दुई स्वर मिल्छन् (विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय), व्यञ्जन सन्धिमा व्यञ्जनको रूप बदलिन्छ।

विपरीतार्थी शब्द जोडीमा सम्झनुहोस्: उदार–कञ्जुस, सफल–असफल, आयात–निर्यात, उत्थान–पतन।

कार्यालयीय लेखनमा निवेदनको ढाँचा: सेवाग्राहीको ठेगाना, मिति, सम्बोधन, विषय, निवेदनको मुख्य भाग, अन्त्यमा भाव र हस्ताक्षर।

Algebraic identities: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²; (a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b²; a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b); a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²).

Laws of indices: aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ, aᵐ ÷ aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ, (aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ, a⁰ = 1, a⁻ⁿ = 1/aⁿ.

Simultaneous equations: elimination removes a variable by making coefficients equal and opposite; substitution expresses one variable in terms of the other.

Circle theorems: the angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference on the same arc; the angle in a semicircle is 90°.

Triangle and parallelogram areas: triangle = ½ × base × height; parallelogram = base × height; trapezium = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × height.

Coordinate geometry: distance = √[(x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²]; midpoint = ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2); slope = (y₂ − y₁)/(x₂ − x₁).

States of matter change by melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation and sublimation; these are physical changes because no new substance forms.

Atomic structure: protons and neutrons sit in the nucleus, electrons orbit in shells; atomic number = protons, mass number = protons + neutrons.

Newton's third law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction; momentum is conserved in collisions (m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂).

Sound needs a medium, travels fastest in solids, and its frequency determines pitch while amplitude determines loudness.

Human digestive order: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine; most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.

Reproduction in flowering plants: pollination transfers pollen to the stigma, fertilisation forms the zygote, and the ovary develops into the fruit.

Nepal's constitution was promulgated on 20 September 2015 (3 Ashoj 2072); it declares Nepal a federal democratic republic with secular status.

Branches of government: legislature makes law, executive implements it, judiciary interprets it; the Supreme Court heads the judiciary of Nepal.

Election bodies: the Election Commission of Nepal conducts federal and provincial elections; local representatives serve a five-year term.

Map skills: scale shows the ratio of map distance to ground distance; a large-scale map covers a small area with more detail.

Disaster preparedness steps: identify risk, plan evacuation, keep a ready kit, practise drills and follow early-warning information.

Sustainable development balances economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection so that future generations are not deprived.

Paragraph structure: one topic sentence, supporting sentences with reasons or examples, and a concluding sentence that closes the idea.

Formal letter layout: sender's address, date, receiver's address, salutation, subject line, body in clear paragraphs, and complimentary close.

Notice writing answers the five Ws briefly - what, when, where, who and why - and is signed by the writer with a designation.

Dialogue and message writing use direct speech with correct punctuation; each speaker's turn starts on a new line.

Free writing and story writing need a clear beginning, conflict and resolution, with consistent tense and linking words such as however, therefore, meanwhile.

अर्थ खण्डमा उत्तर पाठमै खोज्नुपर्छ; सामान्य ज्ञान वा बाहिरी सूचना प्रश्नको आधार हुँदैन।

शीर्षक र सारांश लेख्दा पाठको मुख्य भाव एक–दुई वाक्यमा समेट्नुपर्छ, उदाहरण होइन।

शब्दको अर्थ सन्दर्भअनुसार फरक पर्छ - 'हात हाल्नु' ले हस्तक्षेप जनाउँछ, शारीरिक कार्य होइन।

वाक्यांश परिवर्तन गर्दा अर्थ नबदलिने गरी वाक्यको संरचना मात्र फेर्नुपर्छ।

अनुच्छेदको मुख्य विचार सामान्यतः पहिलो वा अन्तिम वाक्यमा हुन्छ; बीचका वाक्य समर्थन हुन्।

Divisibility: by 3 if digit sum is divisible by 3; by 4 if the last two digits form a multiple of 4; by 9 if digit sum is divisible by 9; by 11 if the alternating digit-sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

Percentage and profit: profit % = (profit/CP) × 100; discount % is calculated on the marked price, not the selling price.

Ratio and proportion: in a:b = c:d, ad = bc; a quantity divided in ratio a:b gives parts a/(a+b) and b/(a+b) of the total.

Compound growth and depreciation: amount = P(1 + R/100)^T; depreciated value = P(1 − R/100)^T.

Tax: VAT is levied on the taxable value at the prescribed rate; income tax is slab-based and applied to taxable income after allowable deductions.

Currency exchange: multiply by the buying rate when converting foreign currency into rupees; divide by the selling rate when buying foreign currency.

Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons; they trap outgoing infrared radiation and raise temperature.

Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation; chlorofluorocarbons release chlorine that destroys ozone molecules.

Renewable energy sources in Nepal: hydropower, solar, biogas and wind; fossil fuels are non-renewable and release carbon dioxide.

Water pollution indicators include dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and coliform count; low dissolved oxygen harms aquatic life.

First aid priorities: secure the scene, check response and breathing, call for help, then treat bleeding or injury; do not move a suspected spinal injury casually.

Digital safety: strong unique passwords, two-factor authentication, avoiding unknown links, and backing up data protect against cyber threats.

Nepal's main economic sectors are agriculture, remittance, tourism and hydropower; agriculture employs the largest share of the workforce.

Remittance is foreign currency sent home by migrant workers; it supports the balance of payments but creates dependence on external labour markets.

Caste, ethnicity, language and religion diversity is recognised by the constitution; discrimination on these grounds is prohibited.

Social problems such as child labour, dowry, gender-based violence and untouchability are addressed by law and awareness campaigns.

Financial literacy basics: distinguish needs from wants, keep a budget, save regularly, and avoid borrowing at high interest for consumption.