NYSTCE Health Education cheat sheet

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease (WHO definition).

Leading actual causes of U.S. death are tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption, not the physiological disease labels on death certificates.

Communicable disease requires a chain of infection: pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host; breaking any link interrupts transmission.

Incubation period = time from exposure to first symptom; communicable period = interval during which an infected person can transmit the pathogen.

Herd immunity threshold rises as basic reproduction number (R0) rises; threshold proportion immune = 1 minus 1/R0.

Noncommunicable diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease) account for roughly 70 percent of deaths worldwide.

Primary prevention acts before disease onset (immunization, sanitation); secondary is early detection (screening); tertiary is rehabilitation and limiting disability.

Vector-borne transmission involves an arthropod such as a mosquito or tick; vehicle-borne transmission involves contaminated food, water, or fomites.

Macronutrient energy values: carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

Aerobic activity guideline for adolescents and adults: at least 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous intensity, plus muscle-strengthening on 2 or more days.

Children and adolescents need 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily.

MyPlate proportions: half the plate fruits and vegetables, with the vegetable half favoring dark green and orange varieties and legumes; grains should be at least half whole grain.

Saturated fat should be under 10 percent of daily calories and added sugars under 10 percent; sodium limit for most adults is 2,300 mg per day.

BMI = weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; adult categories are underweight below 18.5, normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25.0-29.9, obese 30.0 and above.

Piaget stages: sensorimotor (birth-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11 and older); health education must match the stage's reasoning capacity.

Erikson's adolescent stage is identity versus role confusion; the elementary stage is industry versus inferiority.

Kohlberg's conventional level (approval-seeking and law-and-order reasoning) dominates adolescence and predicts how rules-based health messages are received.

Maslow's hierarchy order: physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization; lower needs generally precede higher ones.

Grief stages described by Kubler-Ross: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance; they are not strictly sequential and not universal.

Suicide risk indicators include prior attempt, access to lethal means, withdrawal, giving away possessions, and sudden calm after agitation; asking directly about suicidal intent does not increase risk.

Standard drink in the U.S. = 0.6 fluid ounces of pure alcohol, equivalent to 12 oz beer at 5 percent, 5 oz wine at 12 percent, or 1.5 oz distilled spirits at 40 percent.

Alcohol withdrawal can be life-threatening (seizure, delirium tremens); benzodiazepines are the standard medical management, not abrupt cessation alone.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability; no safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy is established.

Opioid overdose reversal agent is naloxone; it has no effect on alcohol or stimulant overdose.

Motor vehicle crash risk rises measurably above a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05 percent; the U.S. legal limit for drivers 21 and older is 0.08 percent.

Drowning, suffocation, poisoning, and falls are leading unintentional injury causes; poisoning deaths in adults are driven largely by drug overdose.

The National Health Education Standards are eight standards: functional knowledge; analyzing influences; accessing information, products, and services; interpersonal communication; decision making; goal setting; self-management; advocacy.

The precede-proceed model phases: social assessment, epidemiological assessment, educational and ecological assessment, administrative and policy assessment, implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation.

Needs assessment precedes program design; data sources include surveys, focus groups, key informant interviews, and existing epidemiological data such as YRBS.

A measurable objective names the audience, behavior, condition, and criterion (degree), for example: students will identify three refusal strategies in a written quiz with 80 percent accuracy.

Bloom's taxonomy revised order: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create; verbs in an objective must match the intended cognitive level.

Formative assessment guides instruction during learning; summative assessment judges achievement at the end of a unit.

Reliability refers to consistency of a measure across occasions or raters; validity refers to whether the instrument measures the intended construct.

Norm-referenced scores compare a student to peers; criterion-referenced scores compare performance to a defined standard.

FERPA protects education records; HIPAA governs protected health information held by covered entities, and school health records generally fall under FERPA.