NYSTCE Multi-Subject Birth-Grade 2 cheat sheet

Phonological awareness is awareness of the sound structure of spoken language; phonemic awareness is the narrower ability to identify and manipulate individual phonemes.

The five essential reading components are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Ehri's word-reading phases progress from pre-alphabetic to partial alphabetic, full alphabetic, and consolidated alphabetic.

Fluency has three components: accuracy, rate, and prosody; prosody includes phrasing, expression, and attention to punctuation.

Vocabulary tiers: Tier 1 is basic oral vocabulary, Tier 2 is high-frequency cross-content academic vocabulary, and Tier 3 is domain-specific vocabulary.

Comprehension includes literal, inferential, and evaluative understanding; useful supports include retelling, questioning, text structure, and think-alouds.

Early writing develops from scribbling and letter-like forms to letter strings, invented spelling, and conventional spelling.

Assessment types include screening, diagnostic assessment, and progress monitoring; running records analyze oral reading errors and self-corrections.

Counting principles include stable order, one-to-one correspondence, cardinality, abstraction, and order irrelevance.

Subitizing is immediate recognition of small quantities without counting; perceptual subitizing recognizes patterns, while conceptual subitizing uses parts.

Place value is base-ten: each place is ten times the value of the place to its right.

Addition and subtraction should be taught through multiple meanings, including joining, separating, comparing, and part-part-whole.

A unit fraction is 1/b and represents one equal part when a whole is partitioned into b equal parts.

The concrete-representational-abstract sequence moves from manipulatives to drawings to symbols.

Measurement progresses from comparing attributes and using nonstandard units to using standard units.

Data representation in early grades includes object graphs, picture graphs, and bar graphs; students collect, organize, represent, and interpret data.

Visual art elements are line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space; design principles include balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity.

Music elements include rhythm, melody, harmony, form, dynamics, tempo, and timbre.

Dance elements are body, space, time, and energy; movement is classified as locomotor or nonlocomotor.

Theater in early childhood includes dramatic play, role assumption, improvisation, and audience awareness.

Science and engineering practices include asking questions, planning investigations, analyzing data, constructing explanations, and arguing from evidence.

Life science concepts include organism needs, life cycles, structure and function, heredity, and ecosystems.

Physical science concepts include properties and states of matter, forces and motion, energy, light, and sound.

Earth and space science concepts include weather and seasons, rocks and soil, water, day and night, and conservation.