NYSTCE Multi-Subject Birth-Grade 2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Phonological awareness

Awareness that spoken language is made of units such as words, syllables, onsets and rimes, and individual phonemes; it is a foundational oral skill for later reading and spelling.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words, including blending, segmenting, and deleting phonemes; it is the most specific level of phonological awareness.

Phonics

Instruction in the relationships between letters and sounds and common spelling patterns, used to decode printed words and to encode words in writing.

Reading fluency

Reading text with accuracy, an appropriate rate, and prosody, including phrasing and expression; fluent reading supports comprehension because attention is freed from word recognition.

Tier 2 vocabulary

High-frequency words that appear across many content areas, such as compare or describe; teaching them supports reading comprehension in multiple subjects.

Comprehension monitoring

A reader's ongoing check of whether text meaning is being understood and use of repair strategies, such as rereading, when comprehension breaks down.

Invented spelling

A young child's phonetic approximation of word spelling, such as writing kat for cat; it shows developing sound awareness and is not random guessing.

Print concepts

Understanding how print works, including front and back of a book, left-to-right directionality, words separated by spaces, and that print carries meaning.

Oral language

The listening and speaking system, including vocabulary, grammar, and discourse skills; it provides the foundation for later reading and writing development.

Running record

An assessment in which a teacher records a child's oral reading errors and self-corrections to analyze word recognition, fluency, and strategy use.

Story retelling

A comprehension task in which a student recounts characters, setting, events, and ending or key ideas; it reveals understanding of narrative structure and content.

Ehri word-reading phases

A developmental sequence from pre-alphabetic to partial alphabetic, full alphabetic, and consolidated alphabetic reading, describing how children learn to use letter-sound knowledge.

Cardinality

The counting principle that the last number named when counting a set tells how many objects are in the set, regardless of their arrangement.

Subitizing

The immediate recognition of the number of objects in a small set without counting, such as instantly seeing three dots; it supports early number sense.

Place value

A base-ten system in which a digit's value depends on its position; each place to the left is ten times greater than the place to its right.

Number decomposition

Breaking a number into parts, such as 7 as 5 plus 2; it supports addition, subtraction, and understanding of place value.

Unit fraction

A fraction with numerator one, such as 1/4, representing one equal part when a whole is partitioned into four equal parts.

Concrete-representational-abstract

An instructional progression that moves from manipulatives to drawings to symbols, helping children connect hands-on models with mathematical notation and abstract reasoning.

Composing shapes

Combining two or more shapes to form a larger shape, such as joining two triangles to make a square; it develops spatial reasoning.

Nonstandard units

Measurement units such as paper clips or cubes used to compare length or weight before standard units; they build understanding of consistent units.

Bar graph

A data display using bars of different lengths to represent counts for categories; the length or height of each bar shows frequency.

Number line

A linear model with equally spaced marks showing number order and magnitude; it supports counting, comparing, and addition and subtraction.

Fact fluency

The ability to recall basic arithmetic facts accurately and efficiently; fluency frees working memory for more complex problem solving.

Math discourse

Classroom talk in which students explain mathematical reasoning and listen to peers; it builds conceptual understanding and precise mathematical language.

Visual art elements

The basic building blocks of art: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space; they are used to create and describe artworks.

Design principles

Ways artists organize elements, including balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity, to create effective compositions.

Locomotor skills

Traveling movements such as walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, and galloping; they are fundamental movement patterns in dance and physical activity.

Dramatic play

Play in which children take on roles and improvise scenes; it supports language, social negotiation, and imagination in early childhood.

Science practices

Behaviors scientists use, such as asking questions, planning investigations, analyzing data, constructing explanations, and arguing from evidence.

Life cycle

The stages an organism passes through from birth or germination to adulthood and reproduction, including growth and development.

States of matter

The forms matter takes, commonly solid, liquid, and gas; each has characteristic properties and can change with heating or cooling.

Weather and climate

Weather is the daily condition of the atmosphere, while climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a region.