NCEA Level 2 Korean flashcards
NCEA Level 2 Korean · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- 받침 (batchim)
- The final consonant(s) of a Korean syllable block. It is not pronounced as a full consonant but as one of seven unreleased sounds: ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ.
- Nasalization
- A sound change where a stop consonant (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ) becomes nasal (ㅇ, ㄴ, ㅁ) before ㄴ or ㅁ. Example: 국물 is pronounced [궁물].
- Lateralization
- A sound change where ㄴ becomes ㄹ before or after ㄹ. Example: 신라 is pronounced [실라], and 연락 is [열락].
- Palatalization
- A sound change where ㄷ or ㅌ becomes ㅈ or ㅊ before 이. Example: 같이 is pronounced [가치], and 굳이 is [구지].
- Sino-Korean numbers
- The number system from Chinese: 일, 이, 삼, 사, 오, 육, 칠, 팔, 구, 십. Used for dates, money, phone numbers, minutes, and measurements.
- Native Korean numbers
- The native number system: 하나, 둘, 셋, 넷, 다섯, 여섯, 일곱, 여덟, 아홉, 열. Used for counting items, people, and hours.
- 합쇼체 (formal polite)
- The formal polite speech level ending in -ㅂ니다/습니다 for statements and -ㅂ니까?/습니까? for questions. Used in presentations, news, and formal situations.
- 해요체 (informal polite)
- The informal polite speech level ending in -아요/어요/여요. It is the everyday polite style used with strangers, acquaintances, and in most conversation.
- Honorific infix -(으)시-
- An infix inserted before verb endings to show respect for the subject. Example: 가다 → 가시다; 읽다 → 읽으시다.
- Special honorific verbs
- Verbs with suppletive honorific forms: 먹다→드시다, 자다→주무시다, 있다→계시다, 죽다→돌아가시다, 말하다→말씀하시다.
- SOV word order
- Korean sentences typically order subject, object, verb. The verb is final and carries tense, mood, and honorific information.
- Topic marker 은/는
- A particle marking the topic of a sentence, often implying contrast or known information. Use 은 after a consonant and 는 after a vowel.
- Subject marker 이/가
- A particle marking the grammatical subject, often introducing new or focused information. Use 이 after a consonant and 가 after a vowel.
- Object marker 을/를
- A particle marking the direct object of a verb. Use 을 after a consonant and 를 after a vowel. Example: 책을 읽어요.
- Connective -지만
- A verb ending meaning 'but' or 'although'. It attaches to the stem: 비싸지만 좋아요 (It is expensive but good).
- Connective -아서/어서
- A verb ending meaning 'because' or 'so'. It cannot be followed by a command or suggestion. Example: 비가 와서 집에 있었어요.
- Noun-modifying -(으)ㄴ
- A past-tense noun-modifying ending attached to verb stems: 어제 본 영화 (the movie I saw yesterday). It describes a completed action.
- Noun-modifying -는
- A present-tense noun-modifying ending for verbs: 지금 읽는 책 (the book I am reading now). It describes an ongoing action.
- Quotation -라고 하다
- Indirect quotation ending for statements: …라고 했어요 (said that…). For questions use -냐고, for suggestions -자고, for commands -라고.
- Plain style -다
- The plain speech level ending in -다 for statements. Used in newspapers, books, diaries, and among close friends or children.
- ㄷ-irregular verbs
- Verbs whose ㄷ stem changes to ㄹ before a vowel ending: 듣다→들어요, 걷다→걸어요, 묻다→물어요. But 받다 is regular: 받아요.
- ㅂ-irregular verbs
- Verbs whose ㅂ stem changes to 우 or 오 before a vowel ending: 춥다→추워요, 덥다→더워요, 돕다→도와요. But 입다 is regular: 입어요.
- ㅅ-irregular verbs
- Verbs whose ㅅ stem drops before a vowel ending: 낫다→나아요, 짓다→지어요, 붓다→부어요. But 웃다 is regular: 웃어요.
- 르-irregular verbs
- Verbs whose 르 stem changes to ㄹㄹ before a vowel ending: 모르다→몰라요, 부르다→불러요, 빠르다→빨라요.
- 으-irregular verbs
- Verbs whose 으 stem drops before a vowel ending: 쓰다→써요, 크다→커요, 잠그다→잠가요. But 끄다 is regular: 꺼요.
- Past tense -았/었-
- The past tense suffix. Use -았- after stems with ㅏ or ㅗ, and -었- after other vowels. Example: 먹다→먹었어요, 가다→갔어요.
- Future tense -(으)ㄹ 것이다
- A future tense construction meaning 'will' or 'is going to'. Example: 내일 갈 거예요 (I will go tomorrow).
- Progressive -고 있다
- A construction meaning 'is doing'. Attach -고 있다 to the verb stem: 지금 공부하고 있어요 (I am studying now).
- Spacing rules
- Korean writing leaves spaces between eojeol (word phrases) but not between a noun and its particle. Example: 학교에 (not 학교 에).
- Honorific agreement
- When the subject is honored, the verb must take -(으)시- and the subject particle becomes 께서. Example: 선생님께서 오셨습니다.
- Discourse markers
- Words that organize speech: 그래서 (so), 그런데 (however), 하지만 (but), 즉 (that is), 예를 들어 (for example). They signal logical relationships.
- Time expressions
- Hours use native numbers + 시; minutes use Sino numbers + 분. Example: 세 시 삼십 분 (3:30). Half past is 시 반.