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S+SNZ Spatial Measurement study materials
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S+SNZ Spatial Measurement practice questions

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Question 1Land development and urban design

Under the Resource Management Act 1991, which document does a territorial authority prepare to manage the effects of land use and subdivision in its district?

  1. A long-term plan
  2. A regional policy statement
  3. A district plan Correct answer.
  4. A national environmental standard

Explanation

District plans are prepared by territorial authorities under the Resource Management Act 1991 to carry out their functions, which include controlling the use of land and subdivision. They contain the objectives, policies and rules that apply to activities in the district.

Question 2Land development and urban design

Which New Zealand spatial dataset is the authoritative digital record of land parcel boundaries?

  1. NZ Road Centrelines
  2. NZ Addresses
  3. NZ Building Outlines
  4. NZ Primary Parcels Correct answer.

Explanation

NZ Primary Parcels is the LINZ cadastral layer derived from deposited survey plans and records primary parcel boundaries, appellations and legal areas. The other layers are thematic datasets describing addresses, roads and structures.

Question 3Land development and urban design

A landowner wants to create two new freehold titles from one existing title. Which approval is needed?

  1. A building consent for each new dwelling
  2. A subdivision resource consent Correct answer.
  3. A certificate of compliance
  4. A notice of requirement

Explanation

Section 11 of the Resource Management Act 1991 makes subdivision a restricted activity unless it is expressly allowed by a rule in a plan or by a resource consent. The approved survey plan then goes through the s223 and s224 process before new titles can be issued.

Question 4Land development and urban design

A council requires a financial contribution from a subdivision to help fund a new neighbourhood park. Which Act provides the framework for imposing this condition?

  1. The Building Act 2004
  2. The Resource Management Act 1991 Correct answer.
  3. The Local Government Act 2002
  4. The Reserves Act 1977

Explanation

Financial contributions are imposed as conditions of resource consent under s108 of the Resource Management Act 1991 and must be provided for in a district plan. The Reserves Act governs how reserves are classified and administered once acquired, and development contributions under the Local Government Act 2002 are a separate mechanism.

Question 5Land development and urban design

Two rear lots gain access to the road over a shared private driveway. Which instrument normally secures that access legally?

  1. A cross lease
  2. A right of way easement Correct answer.
  3. A consent notice
  4. A designation

Explanation

A right of way easement is registered against the titles and grants the owner of the dominant land the right to pass over the servient land. It is usually created by easement instrument or shown on the deposited plan at subdivision.

Question 6Land development and urban design

In a district plan, what does a site coverage rule control?

  1. The number of dwellings allowed per hectare
  2. The area of sealed surfaces on the site
  3. The maximum height of buildings on the site
  4. The proportion of a site covered by buildings Correct answer.

Explanation

Site coverage expresses the total building footprint as a percentage of the net site area, controlling how much of the site is built on and how much remains for permeable surfaces and open space. Density, height and impervious surface limits are separate standards.

Question 7Land development and urban design

In an urban road hierarchy, which road type is designed mainly to carry high traffic volumes between districts?

  1. Collector road
  2. Local road
  3. Access place
  4. Arterial road Correct answer.

Explanation

Arterial (principal) roads form the higher-order network carrying larger volumes at higher speeds between areas and to the strategic network. Local roads and access places primarily provide property access, and collectors link local streets to the arterial network.

Question 8Land development and urban design

In a district plan, an activity that meets all of the zone standards and does not need a resource consent is called:

  1. A non-complying activity
  2. A permitted activity Correct answer.
  3. A controlled activity
  4. A discretionary activity

Explanation

Permitted activities can proceed as of right provided they comply with all the standards in the plan. Controlled, discretionary and non-complying activities require a resource consent and are assessed against different tests.

Question 9Land development and urban design

Why do district plans commonly set a minimum frontage (width) for new lots as well as a minimum area?

  1. To ensure a usable building platform, vehicle access and services can fit on the lot Correct answer.
  2. To set the rateable value of the new lot
  3. To prevent any later boundary adjustment
  4. To control the total number of lots a subdivision may create

Explanation

Area alone can produce narrow, awkward lots; a frontage standard ensures the lot can accommodate a building envelope with required yards, a vehicle crossing and access to services. The number of lots is controlled by density or minimum area rules, not frontage.

Question 10Land development and urban design

What is the main urban design concern with very long cul-de-sacs in a residential subdivision?

  1. They lengthen walking routes and reduce connections through the neighbourhood Correct answer.
  2. They raise the design speed of the local road
  3. They increase the cost of wastewater reticulation
  4. They require more vehicle crossings per lot

Explanation

A cul-de-sac has a single point of access, so long ones force residents to walk or drive back out to the through network, reducing permeability. Design guidance therefore limits cul-de-sac length and encourages pedestrian and cycle links.

Question 11Land development and urban design

Which outcome best indicates a balanced earthworks design for a new subdivision stage?

  1. All fill is imported so the site is raised above the road
  2. Topsoil is removed from the whole site and sold
  3. Cut volumes match fill volumes on site Correct answer.
  4. The finished ground is level regardless of existing levels

Explanation

Balancing cut and fill avoids costly cartage of material on and off site and reduces traffic and sediment effects. The balance still has to respect overland flow paths, neighbouring ground levels and erosion and sediment control.

Question 12Land development and urban design

Why is stormwater detention (attenuation) often required in a new subdivision?

  1. To increase the volume of runoff reaching the stream
  2. To treat drinking water to potable standard
  3. To hold peak flows back to pre-development rates Correct answer.
  4. To stop all rainfall from infiltrating the ground

Explanation

Development replaces vegetated ground with impervious surfaces, increasing both the volume and peak rate of runoff. Detention storage holds storm flows and releases them slowly so downstream pipes and watercourses are not overloaded.

Question 13Land development and urban design

In a flood-prone area, a condition of subdivision consent typically requires a dwelling's minimum floor level to be:

  1. Set on site by the builder at the time of framing
  2. At or above the design flood level plus freeboard Correct answer.
  3. At least 500 mm below the road crown
  4. Equal to the lowest existing ground level on the site

Explanation

Setting the finished floor level above the design flood level plus a freeboard allowance protects the building from inundation, wave action and debris, and accounts for uncertainty in flood modelling.

Question 14Land development and urban design

A requiring authority wants to designate land in a district plan for a new water treatment plant. What is the first step?

  1. Applying to the council for a certificate of compliance
  2. Applying for a boundary adjustment
  3. Registering an easement against the affected titles
  4. Lodging a notice of requirement with the territorial authority Correct answer.

Explanation

Under the Resource Management Act 1991 a requiring authority lodges a notice of requirement with the territorial authority, which evaluates it and makes a recommendation; the requiring authority then decides whether to confirm the designation.

Question 15Land development and urban design

A developer wants the district plan rules changed so a specific site can be developed at a higher density than currently allowed. Which process applies?

  1. Applying for a building consent
  2. Submitting an outline plan of works
  3. Applying for a certificate of compliance
  4. Requesting a private plan change Correct answer.

Explanation

A plan change alters the planning framework itself and, once operative, applies to the site and to anyone else affected by the change. Resource consents are site-specific approvals assessed against the rules that already exist.

Question 16Land development and urban design

Two neighbours want to move the boundary between their titles by 20 m² so it matches the existing fence. What is required?

  1. A subdivision consent and a new deposited survey plan Correct answer.
  2. Nothing, because no additional lot is created
  3. A cross lease over both properties
  4. A unit title subdivision

Explanation

Moving a boundary creates new parcels even though the number of titles stays the same, so the RMA treats it as a subdivision. Consent is needed, and the new boundary is defined by a survey plan deposited under the Act.

Question 17Land development and urban design

Which design measure best reflects Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles in a new neighbourhood?

  1. Building solid fences along every street frontage
  2. Orienting windows and doors to overlook the street and reserve Correct answer.
  3. Removing street lighting to reduce glare
  4. Placing blank walls facing public open space

Explanation

CPTED relies on natural surveillance, access control, territorial reinforcement and maintenance. Dwellings that overlook public space give casual surveillance, which deters offending and makes people feel safer.

Question 18Land development and urban design

For an accessible pedestrian ramp, which gradient is normally the steepest that meets accessibility requirements?

  1. 1 in 4
  2. 1 in 3
  3. 1 in 6
  4. 1 in 12 Correct answer.

Explanation

Accessible ramps are limited to a gradient no steeper than 1 in 12, with landings provided, so that wheelchair users and others can use them independently. Steeper slopes are only acceptable over very short rises or where an alternative route is provided.

Question 19Land development and urban design

Why do road design guidelines set minimum spacing between intersections on an arterial road?

  1. To let buildings sit closer to the road boundary
  2. To allow more vehicle crossings onto the arterial
  3. To shorten the length of wastewater mains
  4. To provide room for queuing and reduce conflict points Correct answer.

Explanation

Frequent, closely spaced intersections reduce capacity and sight distance and multiply conflict points between turning and through traffic. Spacing allows for storage lanes, signage and safe weaving.

Question 20Land development and urban design

Which design decision most directly affects daylight access to the windows of an existing neighbouring dwelling?

  1. The number of car parks provided on site
  2. The species of street trees on the verge
  3. The height and setback of the new building Correct answer.
  4. The colour and material of the new roof

Explanation

Daylight to a neighbouring window depends on the obstruction angle formed by the new building, which is set by its height and its distance from the neighbour's boundary and windows. District plans often express this through daylight or height-in-relation-to-boundary controls.

Question 21Land development and urban design

The Medium Density Residential Standards require Tier 1 councils to allow, as a permitted activity on qualifying residential sites:

  1. Any number of dwellings with outlook space
  2. Up to six dwellings of up to six storeys
  3. Up to three dwellings of up to three storeys Correct answer.
  4. One dwelling only, until a plan change is approved

Explanation

The MDRS make up to three dwellings, each up to three storeys, a permitted activity on qualifying sites, subject to standards such as height, yards, building coverage and outlook space. They must be incorporated into district plans by the required date.

Question 22Land development and urban design

A new vehicle entrance is proposed onto a 60 km/h urban road. Which factor most directly sets the minimum sight distance that must be provided?

  1. The zoning of the adjoining site
  2. The operating speed of the road Correct answer.
  3. The width of the vehicle crossing
  4. The number of pedestrians using the footpath

Explanation

Safe sight distance is derived from the speed of approaching traffic, the driver's perception-reaction time and braking performance, with adjustments for gradient. It must be available in both directions before a driver enters or crosses the road.

Question 23Land development and urban design

What is the principal effect of an urban growth boundary in a district plan?

  1. It confines urban development to serviced land inside the boundary Correct answer.
  2. It defines the legal boundaries of each new lot
  3. It sets stormwater attenuation requirements for each site
  4. It fixes the maximum building height in the urban area

Explanation

An urban growth boundary separates land intended for urban development from rural land, encouraging compact, serviced growth and protecting rural land and infrastructure from scattered development. Boundaries are reviewed periodically as land supply is taken up.

Question 24Land development and urban design

Which document is the New Zealand code of practice used to determine firefighting water supply requirements for a development?

  1. SNZ PAS 4509 Correct answer.
  2. NZS 4404
  3. NZS 3604
  4. NZS 4121

Explanation

SNZ PAS 4509 (Firefighting Water Supplies Code of Practice) sets the required firefighting flows and storage based on factors such as building risk, sprinkler protection and distance from the fire station. NZS 4404 covers land development and subdivision infrastructure, and NZS 3604 covers timber-framed buildings.

Question 25Land development and urban design

A 1.2 ha site is zoned for a maximum density of 30 dwellings per hectare, with about 15% of the site taken by roads and reserves. Approximately how many dwellings could the site yield?

  1. About 41
  2. About 24
  3. About 36
  4. About 30 Correct answer.

Explanation

Density limits apply to the net developable area: 1.2 ha × 0.85 ≈ 1.02 ha, and 1.02 × 30 ≈ 30.6 dwellings, so about 30. Using the gross area would overstate the yield.

Question 26Land development and urban design

Under the Resource Management Act 1991, what width of esplanade reserve is set aside along the mark of mean high water springs when coastal land is subdivided into lots of less than 4 hectares?

  1. 50 m
  2. 10 m
  3. 30 m
  4. 20 m Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 230 of the RMA requires a esplanade reserve of 20 m measured from the mark of mean high water springs where a subdivision creates a lot of less than 4 hectares adjoining the coast. The reserve vests in the territorial authority and is a standard width rather than one set case by case. Larger lots (4 hectares or more) are dealt with by esplanade strip provisions instead.

Question 27Land development and urban design

A proposed rear lot will have no frontage to a legal road. Which mechanism most appropriately gives the rear lot permanent legal and physical access across the front lot?

  1. A designation over the front lot for private vehicle access purposes
  2. A right of way easement over the front lot in favour of the rear lot Correct answer.
  3. A land covenant over the front lot requiring the owner to allow access
  4. A building consent for the driveway and vehicle crossing

Explanation

An easement of right of way registered against both titles creates an enforceable right of access that runs with the land and binds all future owners, which is why subdivision approvals normally require one where a lot lacks road frontage. It also fixes the location and width of the access on the survey plan. Covenants, consents and designations do not perform this function.

Question 28Land development and urban design

A driveway falls 1.6 m over a horizontal distance of 20.0 m. Expressed as a percentage, what is the gradient?

  1. 1.6%
  2. 8.0% Correct answer.
  3. 12.5%
  4. 0.08%

Explanation

Gradient as a percentage is the vertical change divided by the horizontal run, multiplied by 100, so 1.6 ÷ 20.0 = 0.08, which is 8.0%. This is the same slope expressed as 1 in 12.5 in ratio form. The horizontal distance, not the slope length, is used as the run.

Question 29Land development and urban design

A site has a total area of 612 m², which includes a 3.0 m wide by 20.0 m long access strip serving the lot. The district plan requires a minimum net site area of 600 m², with net site area excluding any access strip. Which statement is correct?

  1. The site does not comply, because its net site area is 592 m².
  2. The site complies, because access strips form part of the net site area.
  3. The site does not comply, because its net site area is 552 m². Correct answer.
  4. The site complies, because its total area of 612 m² exceeds 600 m².

Explanation

Net site area is calculated after excluding the access strip, so the deduction is the full strip area of 3.0 m × 20.0 m = 60 m², giving 612 − 60 = 552 m². Because 552 m² is below the 600 m² minimum, the site does not meet the net site area standard even though its gross area does. The definition of net site area in the plan governs which parts of the title are counted.

Question 30Resource management

What is the purpose of the Resource Management Act 1991 as stated in section 5?

  1. Promoting economic growth ahead of environmental considerations
  2. Preventing any change to the natural environment
  3. Protecting the property rights of individual landowners
  4. Sustainably managing natural and physical resources Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 5 states that the purpose of the Act is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources, which means managing their use, development and protection so that people and communities can provide for their wellbeing while sustaining the resource base for future generations.

Question 31Resource management

Which type of resource consent is required to take water from a river for irrigation?

  1. Water permit Correct answer.
  2. Coastal permit
  3. Land use consent
  4. Discharge permit

Explanation

Taking, using, damming or diverting water is controlled under section 14 of the Act and is authorised by a water permit. Land use consents relate to use of land, coastal permits to the coastal marine area, and discharge permits to contaminants.

Question 32Resource management

When land adjoining the sea, a lake or a river is subdivided, what is the standard minimum width of an esplanade reserve that a territorial authority may require?

  1. 50 metres
  2. 20 metres Correct answer.
  3. 3 metres
  4. 10 metres

Explanation

Section 230 requires an esplanade reserve of at least 20 metres when land adjoining the sea, a lake or a river is subdivided, subject to limited exceptions and waivers. An esplanade strip, by contrast, may be as narrow as 3 metres.

Question 33Resource management

What distinguishes an esplanade reserve from an esplanade strip?

  1. An esplanade reserve vests in the territorial authority; an esplanade strip is registered over private land Correct answer.
  2. Both create an identical interest in the land and differ only in the width that each instrument must have
  3. An esplanade strip takes the land into full Crown ownership, while an esplanade reserve stays in the hands of the landowner
  4. An esplanade reserve can only be required by the Minister of Conservation, while an esplanade strip is required by a regional council

Explanation

An esplanade reserve is land that vests in the territorial authority as a public reserve, so ownership passes to the council. An esplanade strip is a registrable instrument that gives public access and restricts use while the land remains in private ownership.

Question 34Resource management

Marginal strips along rivers, lakes and the coast are created under which statute?

  1. Conservation Act 1987 Correct answer.
  2. Local Government Act 2002
  3. Reserves Act 1977
  4. Resource Management Act 1991

Explanation

Marginal strips are created under section 24 of the Conservation Act 1987, generally 20 metres wide, when Crown land adjoining a river, lake or the coast is disposed of. They are administered by the Department of Conservation.

Question 35Resource management

Who lodges a notice of requirement for a designation in a district plan?

  1. The Minister for the Environment only
  2. A requiring authority Correct answer.
  3. Any affected landowner
  4. The Environment Court

Explanation

Under section 168 a notice of requirement is lodged by a requiring authority, which is a Minister of the Crown, a local authority, or a network utility operator approved for that purpose. The notice is processed by the territorial authority.

Question 36Resource management

Before a subdivision survey plan can be deposited, what must the territorial authority do under section 223?

  1. Obtain the written consent of the Minister for the Environment to the plan
  2. Have the plan formally approved by the Environment Court before deposit
  3. Register the plan with Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga before deposit
  4. Approve it as conforming to the subdivision consent Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 223 requires the territorial authority to approve the survey plan once satisfied it conforms to the subdivision consent. A section 224 certificate is then issued confirming the conditions of consent have been met or satisfactory arrangements made, allowing the plan to be deposited.

Question 37Resource management

A subdivision consent includes a condition that a building platform must be kept clear of a flood path. What is the most appropriate way to ensure the condition binds future owners?

  1. A condition placed on the building consent for the new dwelling
  2. A consent notice on the record of title Correct answer.
  3. A covenant recorded only in the council's own property file
  4. An informal oral agreement reached with the purchaser of the lot

Explanation

Section 221 allows a consent notice to be registered against the record of title so the condition continues to bind the land and every subsequent owner. It is the standard mechanism for carrying subdivision obligations forward beyond the original applicant.

Question 38Resource management

An activity that a district plan allows to be carried out without a resource consent, provided stated conditions are met, has what activity status?

  1. Controlled activity
  2. Restricted discretionary activity
  3. Non-complying activity
  4. Permitted activity Correct answer.

Explanation

A permitted activity may be undertaken as of right if it complies with the standards and conditions in the plan. Controlled, discretionary and non-complying activities all require a resource consent application.

Question 39Resource management

A resource consent for a non-complying activity can only be granted where which threshold is met?

  1. The activity is described in a national environmental standard that applies to the site
  2. The applicant has obtained written approval from every neighbour within 100 metres of the site boundary
  3. The decision has been made by an independent hearing commissioner
  4. Effects are no more than minor or the activity is not contrary to plan objectives and policies Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 104D sets a two-limb gateway: consent may be granted only if the adverse effects on the environment are no more than minor, or the activity is not contrary to the objectives and policies of the relevant plans. Only if the gateway is passed does the authority assess the application under section 104.

Question 40Resource management

A workshop has operated lawfully on a site since 2005. A new district plan makes such workshops a non-complying activity. Under what circumstances may the workshop continue?

  1. Yes, while effects remain the same or similar in character, intensity and scale Correct answer.
  2. Yes, but only for five years after the plan is publicly notified
  3. Only if the owner applies for a new land use consent within 6 months of the plan becoming operative
  4. No, because a new plan removes all existing use rights on the date it is notified

Explanation

Section 10 protects an activity that was lawfully established and could have continued before the rule change, provided the effects are the same or similar in character, intensity and scale. The right is not time-limited, but it is lost if the activity is discontinued or the effects increase.

Question 41Resource management

What authorisation is required under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 before an archaeological site can be modified or destroyed?

  1. An archaeological authority Correct answer.
  2. A building consent from the territorial authority
  3. A land use resource consent from the regional council
  4. A conservation covenant under the Reserves Act 1977

Explanation

The 2014 Act prohibits the modification or destruction of an archaeological site without an archaeological authority from Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga. This is a separate requirement from any resource consent needed under the Resource Management Act.

Question 42Resource management

When a consent authority decides to limited-notify a resource consent application under section 95B, who is served with notice?

  1. All persons who own land anywhere within the district boundary
  2. Every ratepayer in the region
  3. Only the applicant's immediate neighbours on either side of the site
  4. Only persons the consent authority considers are affected Correct answer.

Explanation

Limited notification involves serving notice on the persons the consent authority decides are affected, having regard to the plan's rules, any written approvals and the nature of the effects. It sits between public notification and no notification.

Question 43Resource management

How long does a person have to lodge an appeal with the Environment Court against a decision on a resource consent?

  1. 15 working days Correct answer.
  2. 3 months
  3. 20 working days
  4. 5 working days

Explanation

An appeal must be lodged with the Environment Court within 15 working days of the person receiving notice of the decision. The same short timeframe applies to appeals against plan decisions, which is why the notice period must be watched closely.

Question 44Resource management

A council wishes to require a financial contribution towards reserves when land is subdivided. What must be in place first?

  1. Approval must be obtained from the Minister of Conservation for each contribution
  2. The contribution must be provided for in the district plan Correct answer.
  3. The amount must be negotiated case by case outside the district plan
  4. The contribution may be charged only where more than 20 lots are created

Explanation

A financial contribution can only be imposed where the relevant plan provides for it, and it must be for the purposes the plan specifies, such as reserves, network infrastructure or community facilities. The purpose and method must be transparent in the plan rather than negotiated ad hoc.

Question 45Resource management

Which document contains the objectives, policies and rules that control subdivision within a district?

  1. A national environmental standard
  2. The Long Term Plan
  3. The district plan Correct answer.
  4. The regional policy statement

Explanation

The district plan sets out the objectives, policies and rules for land use and subdivision in a district and is the document against which a subdivision consent is assessed. Regional plans deal with regional council functions such as discharges and water.

Question 46Resource management

Which of these is a regional council function under the Resource Management Act 1991?

  1. Setting urban design rules for buildings in town centres
  2. Issuing building consents for new dwellings
  3. Deciding subdivision consents for land within a city boundary
  4. Deciding discharge permits for contaminants Correct answer.

Explanation

Under section 30 regional councils control discharges of contaminants into water, air and land, along with water takes and activities in the coastal marine area. Subdivision and general land use are functions of territorial authorities, and building consents are issued under the Building Act.

Question 47Resource management

Section 8 of the Resource Management Act 1991 requires persons exercising functions and powers under the Act to do what?

  1. Give effect to the Treaty of Waitangi and its principles in every decision
  2. Take into account the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi Correct answer.
  3. Recognise the relationship of Māori with ancestral lands as a matter of national importance
  4. Consult iwi authorities before granting any resource consent

Explanation

Section 8 imposes an obligation to take into account the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The stronger and differently worded obligations, such as recognising and providing for the relationship of Māori with ancestral lands as a matter of national importance, sit in section 6.

Question 48Resource management

A network utility operator holds a designation in the district plan for a substation corridor. What is required before it can build a new structure within that corridor for the designated purpose?

  1. A full discretionary resource consent, because a designation only protects existing works
  2. Compliance with the designation conditions; no land use consent is needed Correct answer.
  3. Written approval from every landowner whose property lies within 500 metres of the corridor
  4. Approval from the Environment Court for each new structure within the corridor

Explanation

Section 176 provides that a requiring authority may carry out work covered by the designation without a land use consent, provided it complies with the conditions of the designation. Other consents, such as a discharge permit, may still be needed where the work falls outside what the designation authorises.

Question 49Resource management

When does an esplanade reserve required on subdivision vest in the territorial authority?

  1. When the subdivision consent application is first lodged
  2. When the resource consent decision is issued
  3. On deposit of the survey plan Correct answer.
  4. When the Registrar-General of Land creates the new titles

Explanation

The esplanade reserve vests in the territorial authority on deposit of the survey plan, so the reserve comes into public ownership at the point the subdivision is given effect. That is why the reserve must be shown correctly on the plan for deposit.

Question 50Resource management

What is the maximum duration permitted for a water permit to take or use water?

  1. Unlimited
  2. 35 years Correct answer.
  3. 50 years
  4. 10 years

Explanation

Section 123 caps the duration of water permits, discharge permits and coastal permits at 35 years, although shorter terms are common. Land use consents are the exception, as they are not subject to a maximum term.