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Question 1National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Article 100 of the NEC defines a continuous load as one in which the maximum current is expected to continue for how long?

  1. A load that draws current for a full 24-hour period
  2. A load expected to continue for 3 hours or more Correct answer.
  3. A load that operates for at least 1 hour without interruption
  4. A load that runs continuously through an entire work shift

Explanation

Article 100 defines a continuous load as a load where the maximum current is expected to continue for 3 hours or more. The 3-hour threshold is what triggers the 125 percent sizing rules for conductors and overcurrent devices serving such loads.

Question 2National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

In a dwelling unit living room, receptacle outlets must be installed so that no point along the floor line of any wall space is more than what distance from a receptacle outlet?

  1. 8 ft
  2. 10 ft
  3. 4 ft
  4. 6 ft Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 210.52(A)(1) requires receptacle outlets in dwelling unit wall spaces so that no point measured horizontally along the floor line is more than 6 ft from a receptacle outlet. The 6 ft dimension is measured along the wall, not through doorways or across the room.

Question 3National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Under the general small-conductor rule, what is the maximum overcurrent protection permitted for 14 AWG copper branch-circuit conductors?

  1. 30 A
  2. 15 A Correct answer.
  3. 25 A
  4. 20 A

Explanation

Section 240.4(D) limits the overcurrent protection for 14 AWG copper to 15 A for general applications. Exceptions exist for specific equipment, but the general rule caps 14 AWG at 15 A regardless of its higher ampacity in Table 310.16.

Question 4National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Where conductors are run through bored holes in framing members and are less than what distance from the nearest edge of the wood member, must the conductors be protected by a steel plate or bushing?

  1. 1-1/4 in Correct answer.
  2. 1/2 in
  3. 1 in
  4. 3/4 in

Explanation

Section 300.4(A)(1) requires protection where conductors are installed within 1-1/4 in of the nearest edge of a framing member, such as a bored hole in a stud. The required steel plate or bushing must be at least 1/16 in thick to resist nails and screws.

Question 5National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

How is a grounded circuit conductor required to be identified along its length?

  1. White or gray Correct answer.
  2. Blue or orange
  3. Black or red
  4. Green or green with yellow stripes

Explanation

Section 200.6 requires grounded conductors 6 AWG and smaller to be identified by a white or gray finish, or by three continuous white stripes. Green is reserved for equipment grounding conductors and the other colors are used for ungrounded conductors.

Question 6National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Which area of a dwelling unit is required by 210.52(F) to have at least one receptacle outlet installed?

  1. The attached garage ceiling
  2. The laundry area Correct answer.
  3. The attic space
  4. The crawl space

Explanation

Section 210.52(F) requires at least one receptacle outlet in the laundry area of a dwelling unit, in addition to any receptacle that is part of an appliance cord connection. Attics, crawl spaces, and garage ceilings are not covered by this requirement.

Question 7National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

In a dwelling unit, receptacles installed in which of the following locations require ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection?

  1. A bathroom wall receptacle Correct answer.
  2. A bedroom wall receptacle
  3. A living room wall receptacle
  4. A hallway wall receptacle

Explanation

Section 210.8(A)(1) requires all 125 V, single-phase, 15 A and 20 A receptacles in dwelling unit bathrooms to have GFCI protection. Bedrooms, living rooms, and hallways are covered by AFCI requirements instead.

Question 8National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

What is the minimum width of the working space in front of electrical equipment that is likely to require examination while energized?

  1. 36 in
  2. 30 in Correct answer.
  3. 48 in
  4. 24 in

Explanation

Section 110.26(A)(2) requires the working space in front of electrical equipment to be at least 30 in wide, or the width of the equipment if that is greater. The space must allow a person to work without obstruction.

Question 9National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

What is the minimum size copper equipment grounding conductor required for a 20 A branch circuit protected by a 20 A overcurrent device?

  1. 10 AWG copper
  2. 12 AWG copper Correct answer.
  3. 14 AWG copper
  4. 8 AWG copper

Explanation

Table 250.122 sizes the equipment grounding conductor by the rating of the overcurrent device ahead of the circuit. For a 20 A device, the table requires 12 AWG copper, and 250.122(A) also prohibits sizing it larger than the circuit conductors.

Question 10National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Using the 75 degrees C column of Table 310.16, what is the ampacity of 12 AWG copper conductors?

  1. 20 A
  2. 30 A
  3. 35 A
  4. 25 A Correct answer.

Explanation

Table 310.16 lists 12 AWG copper at 25 A in the 75 degrees C column, based on the insulation and termination ratings. The 20 A figure is the 60 degrees C value, and the higher values correspond to larger conductors.

Question 11National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Where four to six current-carrying conductors are installed in a single raceway without maintaining spacing, to what percentage of the Table 310.16 ampacity must the conductor ampacities be adjusted?

  1. 75 percent
  2. 85 percent
  3. 70 percent
  4. 80 percent Correct answer.

Explanation

Table 310.15(C)(1) requires an 80 percent adjustment factor when four to six current-carrying conductors are bundled or installed without maintained spacing. The factors become progressively lower as more conductors share the same raceway.

Question 12National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

According to Table 314.16(B), what volume allowance must be counted for each 12 AWG conductor in a box?

  1. 1.50 cu in
  2. 2.00 cu in
  3. 2.25 cu in Correct answer.
  4. 1.75 cu in

Explanation

Table 314.16(B) assigns 2.25 cu in for each 12 AWG conductor, based on the conductor's insulation and size. This allowance is multiplied by the total conductor count determined under 314.16(B) to compare against the box volume.

Question 13National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Branch-circuit conductors supplying a continuous load plus a noncontinuous load must be sized for 125 percent of the continuous load plus what percentage of the noncontinuous load?

  1. 100 percent Correct answer.
  2. 150 percent
  3. 125 percent
  4. 80 percent

Explanation

Section 210.19(A)(1) requires branch-circuit conductors to have an ampacity not less than 125 percent of the continuous load plus 100 percent of the noncontinuous load. This accounts for heat buildup during long, steady current flow.

Question 14National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

What is the maximum rating of an inverse-time circuit breaker permitted as branch-circuit short-circuit and ground-fault protection for a standard motor?

  1. 250 percent of motor full-load current Correct answer.
  2. 400 percent of motor full-load current
  3. 175 percent of motor full-load current
  4. 300 percent of motor full-load current

Explanation

Section 430.52(C)(1) permits an inverse-time circuit breaker setting of up to 250 percent of the motor full-load current for a standard motor. The higher fuse values in the same table apply to non-time-delay fuses.

Question 15National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A single grounding electrode consisting of a rod is permitted without a supplemental electrode if it has a resistance to earth of not more than what value?

  1. 15 ohms
  2. 10 ohms
  3. 25 ohms Correct answer.
  4. 50 ohms

Explanation

Section 250.53(A)(2) requires a supplemental electrode for a single rod, pipe, or plate unless the single electrode has a resistance to earth of 25 ohms or less. This keeps the overall grounding system effective when one electrode is poor.

Question 16National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

In a dwelling unit, the calculated load for four or more fixed appliances fastened in place may be taken at what percentage of their total nameplate rating?

  1. 50 percent
  2. 40 percent
  3. 65 percent
  4. 75 percent Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 220.53 permits a 75 percent demand factor for four or more fixed appliances fastened in place in a dwelling unit. Ranges, clothes dryers, space-heating equipment, and air-conditioning equipment are excluded from this allowance.

Question 17National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A receptacle outlet is required for servicing heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration equipment. It must be located within what maximum distance of the equipment?

  1. 25 ft Correct answer.
  2. 10 ft
  3. 6 ft
  4. 50 ft

Explanation

Section 210.63 requires a 125 V receptacle outlet at an accessible location within 25 ft of the heating, air-conditioning, or refrigeration equipment. The receptacle is needed so service personnel can connect tools without running long extension cords.

Question 18National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

In a dwelling unit, the portion of the general lighting load between 3,001 VA and 120,000 VA may be calculated at what percentage?

  1. 40 percent
  2. 25 percent
  3. 65 percent
  4. 35 percent Correct answer.

Explanation

Table 220.42 applies a 100 percent demand factor to the first 3,000 VA, 35 percent to the portion from 3,001 VA through 120,000 VA, and 25 percent to the remainder. This recognizes that not all lighting is on at once in a dwelling.

Question 19National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

For a one-family dwelling, the service disconnecting means must have a rating of not less than what value?

  1. 60 A
  2. 125 A
  3. 100 A Correct answer.
  4. 70 A

Explanation

Section 230.79(C) requires the service disconnecting means for a one-family dwelling to have a rating of not less than 100 A. Other occupancies have lower minimums, but the one-family dwelling minimum is 100 A.

Question 20National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A single receptacle installed on an individual 20 A branch circuit must have an ampere rating of at least what value?

  1. 15 A
  2. 30 A Correct answer.
  3. 20 A
  4. 10 A

Explanation

Section 210.21(B)(1) requires a single receptacle on an individual branch circuit to have an ampere rating not less than that of the branch circuit. A 20 A circuit therefore needs a 20 A or larger single receptacle.

Question 21National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Using Table 220.55, what maximum demand load is permitted for a single 12 kW household electric range in a dwelling unit?

  1. 12 kW
  2. 8 kW Correct answer.
  3. 10 kW
  4. 6 kW

Explanation

Column C of Table 220.55 permits a maximum demand of 8 kW for one household electric range, regardless of the nameplate rating within the table's range. The nameplate rating is the connected load, which the table then reduces for the service calculation.

Question 22National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

For a feeder tap not over 10 ft long, the tap conductors must have an ampacity of not less than what fraction of the rating of the overcurrent device protecting the feeder?

  1. One-half
  2. One-third Correct answer.
  3. One-eighth
  4. One-quarter

Explanation

Section 240.21(B)(1) permits a tap up to 10 ft long where the tap conductors have an ampacity not less than one-third of the feeder overcurrent device rating and meet the other conditions of the rule. The conductors must also be protected from physical damage and terminate in a single overcurrent device.

Question 23National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Where ungrounded circuit conductors are increased in size above the minimum required, how must the equipment grounding conductor be treated?

  1. It is sized using only the rating of the overcurrent device
  2. It must be increased in size proportionally with the ungrounded conductors Correct answer.
  3. It may remain at the size listed in Table 250.122
  4. It may be reduced to the smallest size permitted for the circuit

Explanation

Section 250.122(B) requires the equipment grounding conductor to be increased in size proportionally whenever the ungrounded circuit conductors are increased above the minimum size for any reason, such as voltage drop. This preserves the low-impedance fault path intended by the Code.

Question 24National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A feeder supplies several motors. Its ampacity must be at least which of the following amounts?

  1. 125 percent of the total of all motor currents combined
  2. 100 percent of the largest motor current plus all others
  3. 125 percent of the smallest motor current plus all others
  4. 125 percent of the largest motor current plus all other motors Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 430.24 requires a motor feeder to have an ampacity of at least 125 percent of the full-load current of the largest motor plus the sum of the full-load currents of the other motors. The 125 percent adder applies only to the largest motor.

Question 25National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A service is supplied by 2/0 AWG copper service-entrance conductors. What is the minimum size copper grounding electrode conductor required by Table 250.66?

  1. 6 AWG copper
  2. 8 AWG copper
  3. 2 AWG copper
  4. 4 AWG copper Correct answer.

Explanation

Table 250.66 sizes the grounding electrode conductor from the largest ungrounded service-entrance conductor. For 2/0 AWG copper, the table requires a 4 AWG copper grounding electrode conductor.

Question 26National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

What is the maximum standard ampere rating of an overcurrent device permitted to protect a 14 AWG copper branch-circuit conductor in a general-use circuit?

  1. 15 A Correct answer.
  2. 25 A
  3. 20 A
  4. 30 A

Explanation

Section 240.4(D)(3) limits the overcurrent protection for 14 AWG copper conductors to 15 A for general-use branch circuits, unless a specific Code provision permits otherwise. The 15 A rating protects the conductor's ampacity and is the maximum standard size allowed.

Question 27National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

What is the minimum cover required for UF cable installed direct-buried under a residential driveway?

  1. 24 inches Correct answer.
  2. 12 inches
  3. 18 inches
  4. 6 inches

Explanation

Table 300.5 requires a minimum cover of 24 inches for direct-buried cables under streets, highways, roads, alleys, driveways, and parking lots. The reduced residential burial depths do not apply beneath a driveway.

Question 28National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

The service disconnecting means for a building must be able to disconnect all service conductors in no more than how many operations?

  1. Two operations
  2. Eight operations
  3. Six operations Correct answer.
  4. Three operations

Explanation

Section 230.71 permits the service disconnecting means to consist of one disconnect or up to six separate disconnects grouped in one location. All service conductors must be capable of being disconnected with no more than six operations of the hand.

Question 29National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

What is the minimum width of the working space in front of electrical equipment that requires examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized?

  1. 42 inches
  2. 24 inches
  3. 30 inches Correct answer.
  4. 36 inches

Explanation

Section 110.26(A)(2) requires the working space to be at least 30 inches wide, or the width of the equipment if that is greater. The depth and height requirements are separate from this minimum width.

Question 30National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A 50 A continuous load is supplied by THHN copper branch-circuit conductors with terminations rated 75 degrees C. What is the minimum conductor size required?

  1. 3 AWG
  2. 8 AWG
  3. 6 AWG Correct answer.
  4. 4 AWG

Explanation

Continuous-load branch-circuit conductors must have an ampacity of at least 125 percent of the load, which is 62.5 A. At the 75 degrees C terminal rating, 6 AWG copper THHN has an ampacity of 65 A, so it is the minimum size that satisfies the requirement.

Question 31National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A box contains four 12 AWG circuit conductors, one cable clamp, one receptacle outlet, and one 12 AWG equipment grounding conductor. What minimum box volume is required?

  1. 18.0 cubic inches Correct answer.
  2. 20.25 cubic inches
  3. 15.75 cubic inches
  4. 22.5 cubic inches

Explanation

Each 12 AWG conductor counts as 2.25 cubic inches; four circuit conductors equal 9.0 cubic inches. The cable clamp counts as one conductor, the receptacle counts as two conductors, and the equipment grounding conductor counts as one conductor, for a total of eight conductor allowances, or 18.0 cubic inches.

Question 32National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

In a dwelling unit, what is the maximum distance permitted from any point along the floor line of a wall space to a receptacle outlet?

  1. 12 feet
  2. 8 feet
  3. 6 feet Correct answer.
  4. 10 feet

Explanation

Section 210.52(A)(1) requires receptacle outlets so that no point along the floor line in any wall space is more than 6 feet from an outlet. This spacing rule applies to the wall spaces specified in the dwelling-unit receptacle requirements.

Question 33National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Arc-fault circuit-interrupter protection is specifically required for 120 V, 15 A and 20 A branch circuits supplying outlets in which dwelling-unit room?

  1. Bathroom
  2. Garage
  3. Bedroom Correct answer.
  4. Outdoor receptacle location

Explanation

Section 210.12(A) lists bedrooms among the dwelling-unit areas requiring AFCI protection for 120 V, 15 A and 20 A branch circuits. Bathrooms, garages, and outdoor receptacle locations are not included in that list of areas.

Question 34National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A metal underground water pipe used as a grounding electrode must be bonded to the grounding electrode system within what distance of its point of entry into the building?

  1. 8 feet
  2. 10 feet
  3. 3 feet
  4. 5 feet Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 250.52(A)(1) recognizes a metal underground water pipe as a grounding electrode only if at least 10 feet is in contact with the earth and the bonding connection is made within 5 feet of the point of entry. This limit helps ensure the connection is made to the portion most reliably in contact with earth.

Question 35National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Branch-circuit conductors supplying a single continuous-duty motor must have an ampacity of not less than what percentage of the motor full-load current?

  1. 100 percent
  2. 125 percent Correct answer.
  3. 150 percent
  4. 115 percent

Explanation

Section 430.22 requires branch-circuit conductors supplying a single motor to have an ampacity of at least 125 percent of the motor full-load current. This provides margin for the motor's normal operating characteristics.

Question 36National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Overcurrent devices are prohibited from being located in which of the following spaces?

  1. A hallway
  2. A garage
  3. A bathroom Correct answer.
  4. A utility room

Explanation

Section 240.24(E) prohibits overcurrent devices from being located in bathrooms of dwelling units and guest rooms. Hallways, garages, and utility rooms are not subject to that specific prohibition when the equipment remains accessible as required.

Question 37National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

What is the minimum size copper equipment grounding conductor required for a 60 A branch circuit using 6 AWG copper circuit conductors?

  1. 8 AWG
  2. 10 AWG Correct answer.
  3. 6 AWG
  4. 12 AWG

Explanation

Table 250.122 bases the equipment grounding conductor size on the rating of the overcurrent device protecting the circuit. For a 60 A circuit, the minimum copper equipment grounding conductor is 10 AWG.

Question 38National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A raceway 1 inch in diameter is installed exposed on a rooftop in direct sunlight. What ambient-temperature adder must be applied to the outdoor design temperature for conductor ampacity adjustment?

  1. 22 degrees C
  2. 17 degrees C Correct answer.
  3. 5 degrees C
  4. 10 degrees C

Explanation

Section 310.15(B)(3)(c) requires an ambient-temperature adder for raceways exposed to sunlight on rooftops. For a raceway larger than 7/8 inch and not exceeding 3.5 inches, the adder is 30 degrees F, which is 17 degrees C.

Question 39National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

Six current-carrying 8 AWG THHN copper conductors are installed in a raceway where the ambient temperature is 40 degrees C. Using Table 310.16, what is the adjusted ampacity?

  1. 40 A Correct answer.
  2. 50 A
  3. 45 A
  4. 55 A

Explanation

The 90 degrees C ampacity of 8 AWG copper is 55 A. The 40 degrees C ambient correction factor is 0.91, and the adjustment for six current-carrying conductors is 0.80, giving 55 x 0.91 x 0.80 = 40.04 A, or 40 A.

Question 40National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

A 45 kVA single-phase transformer has a 480 V primary and is protected by a primary-only overcurrent device. What is the maximum standard rating permitted for that primary overcurrent device?

  1. 250 A Correct answer.
  2. 225 A
  3. 300 A
  4. 200 A

Explanation

The primary full-load current is 45,000 VA divided by 480 V, or 93.75 A. Section 450.3(B) permits primary-only protection at up to 250 percent of primary current, which is 234.4 A; the next standard rating is 250 A, so that is the maximum permitted.

Question 41Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

Which document forms the technical basis of the Oregon Electrical Specialty Code?

  1. The International Residential Code, unamended
  2. The Uniform Mechanical Code
  3. NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
  4. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, as amended by Oregon Correct answer.

Explanation

Oregon adopts NFPA 70 by administrative rule as the Oregon Electrical Specialty Code and then applies Oregon-specific amendments and administrative provisions to it. NFPA 70E is a workplace electrical safety standard, not an installation code, and the mechanical and residential codes do not govern electrical installations in Oregon.

Question 42Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

Before starting an electrical installation that requires a permit, the installer must first do which of the following?

  1. File as-built drawings with the Electrical and Elevator Board
  2. Obtain an electrical permit from the code authority Correct answer.
  3. Have the property insured for the value of the work
  4. Notify the serving utility and begin work within 30 days

Explanation

Oregon requires an electrical permit to be obtained from the Building Codes Division or the local jurisdiction before regulated electrical work begins, so that required inspections can be scheduled. Utility notification and record drawings do not substitute for the permit.

Question 43Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

A 125-volt, 15-ampere receptacle installed in the bathroom of a single-family dwelling must be which of the following?

  1. Protected by a listed AFCI device
  2. Protected by a listed GFCI device Correct answer.
  3. Located at least 6 feet from the bathtub
  4. Installed on a dedicated 30-ampere circuit

Explanation

All 125-volt, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles in dwelling unit bathrooms require ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection regardless of distance from the tub or shower. AFCI protection is a separate requirement and does not replace GFCI protection.

Question 44Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

Along the wall space of a dwelling unit bedroom, the maximum permitted distance from any point on the wall to the nearest receptacle outlet is which of the following?

  1. 4 ft
  2. 8 ft
  3. 6 ft Correct answer.
  4. 12 ft

Explanation

Receptacle outlets must be installed so that no point along the floor line of any wall space is more than 6 feet, measured horizontally, from an outlet in that space. The 12-foot figure applies to the maximum spacing between outlets, not to the distance from a point to the nearest outlet.

Question 45Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

What is the minimum depth of working space in front of a 208-volt panelboard that has exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other side?

  1. 3 ft Correct answer.
  2. 4 ft
  3. 2 ft
  4. 5 ft

Explanation

For equipment operating at 600 volts or less, Condition 1 working space requires a depth of 3 feet where live parts are exposed on one side and the opposite side has no live or grounded parts. Greater depths apply only where grounded or live parts are present across the aisle.

Question 46Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

A rod-type grounding electrode must have a minimum length of which of the following?

  1. 10 ft
  2. 6 ft
  3. 8 ft Correct answer.
  4. 12 ft

Explanation

Rod and pipe electrodes must be at least 8 feet in length and must be driven below permanent moisture level, unless rock bottom is encountered. Listed electrodes of lesser length are not permitted to be used as the sole grounding electrode.

Question 47Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

Type NM cable must be secured within what distance of each box, and at intervals not exceeding 4.5 feet?

  1. 8 in
  2. 12 in Correct answer.
  3. 6 in
  4. 18 in

Explanation

Nonmetallic-sheathed cable must be secured within 12 inches of every box and at intervals not exceeding 4.5 feet along the run. The 12-inch dimension is measured from where the cable enters the box.

Question 48Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

The service disconnecting means for a dwelling unit must be installed at a readily accessible location that is which of the following?

  1. Nearest the point of entrance of the conductors Correct answer.
  2. In the basement regardless of where the conductors enter the building
  3. On the utility pole at the property line
  4. Inside the utility meter enclosure

Explanation

The service disconnecting means must be installed at a readily accessible location either outside the building or inside nearest the point of entrance of the service conductors. Locating it elsewhere inside the building can leave service conductors unprotected within the structure.

Question 49Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

A box contains eight 14 AWG conductors with no cable clamps and no devices. Using the value of 2.0 cubic inches per 14 AWG conductor, what is the minimum box volume required?

  1. 20 in³
  2. 14 in³
  3. 24 in³
  4. 16 in³ Correct answer.

Explanation

Each 14 AWG conductor counts as 2.0 cubic inches, so eight conductors require 8 × 2.0 = 16 cubic inches of box volume. Clamps, devices, and grounding conductors would add volume if present, but none are counted here.

Question 50Oregon Electrical Specialty Code

In a dwelling unit kitchen, what is the minimum number of 20-ampere small-appliance branch circuits required to supply countertop receptacle outlets?

  1. One
  2. Four
  3. Three
  4. Two Correct answer.

Explanation

At least two 20-ampere small-appliance branch circuits must be provided to supply receptacle outlets in the kitchen, pantry, dining room, and similar areas. Additional circuits are permitted but are not required by the minimum rule.