ORELA cheat sheet

Phoneme = smallest unit of sound; grapheme = its written form; digraph = two letters producing one sound (/sh/); consonant blend = adjacent consonants each sounded (/bl/).

Reading accuracy levels in context: independent 95-100%, instructional 90-94%, frustration below 90%.

National Reading Panel's five essential components: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Writing process sequence: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing; revising changes content and organization, editing changes conventions.

Place value: each position to the left is ten times the value of the position to its right, so 0.1 = 1/10 and 0.01 = 1/100.

Area of a rectangle = length x width; area of a triangle = 1/2 x base x height; volume of a rectangular prism = length x width x height.

Water cycle order: evaporation and transpiration, condensation, precipitation, then collection and runoff.

U.S. Constitution articles: Article I Congress (legislative), Article II President (executive), Article III courts (judicial), linked by checks and balances.

ELA: a Shakespearean sonnet has 14 lines in iambic pentameter rhyming abab cdcd efef gg; a Petrarchan sonnet is an octave (abbaabba) plus a sestet.

Mathematics: the quadratic formula x = (-b +/- sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)) / 2a; the discriminant b^2 - 4ac gives two, one, or zero real roots.

Sciences: Newton's second law F = ma; photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts.

Social science: law of demand, price rises so quantity demanded falls; law of supply, price rises so quantity supplied rises (all else equal).

World languages: ACTFL proficiency sequence is Novice, Intermediate, Advanced, Superior, Distinguished, each split into low, mid, and high.

Arts: elements are line, shape, form, space, color, value, texture; principles are balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, unity.

Health and physical education: FITT = Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type; estimated maximum heart rate is about 220 minus age, with moderate-to-vigorous work near 64-85% of that maximum.

Business and family/consumer sciences: accounting equation Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity; every transaction must leave it balanced under double-entry bookkeeping.

Argumentative writing parts: claim, evidence, reasoning, counterclaim, and rebuttal; informative writing explains, narrative writing tells a story.

Figurative language types: simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, idiom, onomatopoeia, and allusion.

Linear relationships: slope m = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1); slope-intercept form y = mx + b; right triangles satisfy a^2 + b^2 = c^2.

Integer rules: the product or quotient of two negatives is positive; the sum of two negatives is negative; adding opposites gives zero.

Science formulas: density = mass / volume; speed = distance / time; acceleration = change in velocity / time.

Earth science: layers are crust, mantle, outer core (liquid), inner core (solid); plate boundaries are convergent, divergent, and transform.

Life science: mitochondria carry out cellular respiration, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, mitosis yields two identical cells, meiosis yields four gametes.

Text structures to identify: cause-effect, compare-contrast, chronological, problem-solution, and description.

IDEA guarantees a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment, ages 3-21 under Part B, with procedural safeguards and an IEP.

Required IEP elements: present levels of academic achievement and functional performance, measurable annual goals, special education and related services, progress measurement, accommodations, and transition services by age 16.

IDEA lists 13 disability categories; specific learning disability is the most frequently identified.

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1973) bars disability discrimination in federally funded programs and provides accommodations; eligibility is broader than IDEA's.

RTI/MTSS tiers: Tier 1 universal instruction for all, Tier 2 targeted small-group support, Tier 3 intensive individualized intervention with progress monitoring.

Cummins: BICS (conversational fluency) develops in about 1-3 years; CALP (academic language proficiency) takes about 5-7 years.

WIDA English language development levels 1-6: Entering, Emerging, Developing, Expanding, Bridging, Reaching.

Accommodation changes how a student accesses content (extra time, read-aloud); modification changes what is taught or expected (reduced content, lower-level text).

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional; Plyler v. Doe (1982): undocumented children may not be excluded from free public K-12 schooling.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969): student expression is protected unless it would substantially disrupt school operations or invade others' rights.

Goss v. Lopez (1975) requires notice and a hearing before suspension; Hazelwood (1988) allows control of school-sponsored speech; Bethel v. Fraser (1986) permits discipline for lewd speech.

Lau v. Nichols (1974): language-minority students must receive meaningful instruction, the basis for English learner services.

Federal statutes: Title VI (1964) race and national origin; Title IX (1972) sex; Section 504 (1973) disability; ADA (1990) disability in public entities.

FERPA (1974): parents, or students 18 and older, may inspect education records and must consent to most disclosures; directory information is an exception.

Copyright fair use four factors: purpose and character of use, nature of the work, amount used, and effect on the potential market.

Dewey Decimal classes: 000 generalities, 100 philosophy and psychology, 200 religion, 300 social sciences, 400 language, 500 science, 600 technology, 700 arts, 800 literature, 900 history and geography.