ORELA flashcards
ORELA · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Phonemic awareness
- The ability to notice and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words through blending, segmenting, and deleting; it involves no printed letters at all.
- Alphabetic principle
- The understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken language, allowing readers to decode unfamiliar printed words systematically.
- Independent reading level
- Text a student reads with at least 95 percent word accuracy and strong comprehension, requiring no teacher support; used to select free-reading materials.
- Frustration reading level
- Text read with less than 90 percent word accuracy or weak comprehension; too difficult for independent work and best used only with teacher scaffolding.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing checks during instruction, such as exit tickets or questioning, that give feedback used to adjust teaching while learning is still in progress.
- CRA instructional sequence
- A math teaching sequence moving from concrete manipulatives to representational drawings to abstract symbols, supporting students who need visible models before procedures.
- Invented spelling
- A developmental stage in which young children spell words by representing the sounds they hear, showing growing phonics knowledge rather than carelessness.
- Quadratic formula
- x equals negative b plus or minus the square root of b squared minus four a c, all divided by two a; it solves any equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0.
- Photosynthesis equation
- Six carbon dioxide plus six water plus light energy yield one glucose and six oxygen; the reaction occurs in chloroplasts and stores energy in sugar.
- ACTFL proficiency levels
- Novice, Intermediate, Advanced, Superior, and Distinguished, each divided into low, mid, and high sublevels, describe how well a language learner communicates.
- Elements of art
- Line, shape, form, space, color, value, and texture; the basic visual building blocks artists use to construct any work.
- FITT principle
- Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type: the four variables used to design and adjust a safe, effective physical activity or fitness plan.
- Accounting equation
- Assets equal liabilities plus owner's equity; every transaction must keep this balance, which underlies all double-entry bookkeeping.
- Shakespearean sonnet
- Fourteen lines of iambic pentameter arranged as three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg, often ending with a summarizing turn.
- Slope formula
- m equals y-two minus y-one divided by x-two minus x-one; it measures a line's steepness as vertical change over horizontal change.
- Pythagorean theorem
- In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides, written a squared plus b squared equals c squared.
- Density
- Mass divided by volume, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or similar units; a property that helps identify substances and predict floating or sinking.
- Claim, evidence, reasoning
- An argument structure that states a position, cites data or textual support, then explains how that evidence logically proves the claim.
- Columbian Exchange
- The transatlantic transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases after 1492, which reshaped diets and populations in both hemispheres.
- Proportional relationship
- A relationship in which two quantities vary at a constant ratio, graphed as a straight line through the origin and written as y equals kx.
- Least restrictive environment
- The IDEA requirement that students with disabilities be educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate, with removal only when supports are insufficient.
- Free appropriate public education
- The IDEA guarantee of special education and related services at public expense, meeting state standards, delivered under a publicly supervised individualized education program.
- BICS and CALP
- Cummins's terms for conversational fluency, acquired in roughly one to three years, and academic language proficiency, which typically takes five to seven years.
- WIDA proficiency levels
- Six levels labeled Entering, Emerging, Developing, Expanding, Bridging, and Reaching describe English learners' academic language growth in listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
- MTSS tiers
- Tier 1 is universal instruction for all students, Tier 2 adds targeted small-group support, and Tier 3 provides intensive individualized intervention with frequent progress monitoring.
- Secondary transition services
- Coordinated activities and IEP goals beginning by age sixteen that prepare a student with a disability for postsecondary education, employment, and independent living.
- Tinker v. Des Moines
- The 1969 Supreme Court ruling that students keep First Amendment expression rights at school unless their expression substantially disrupts the educational environment.
- FERPA
- The 1974 federal law giving parents, and students age eighteen or older, the right to inspect education records and control most disclosures of them.
- Title IX
- The 1972 law barring sex discrimination in education programs receiving federal funds, covering admissions, athletics, and sexual harassment.
- Plyler v. Doe
- The 1982 Supreme Court ruling that states may not deny undocumented children a free public K-12 education based on their immigration status.
- Dewey Decimal Classification
- A library system dividing knowledge into ten classes, from 000 generalities through 900 history and geography, with decimal places adding specificity.
- Fair use factors
- Four considerations for unlicensed copying: purpose and character of the use, nature of the work, amount used, and effect on the market.