OSAT Elementary Education (OK150/OK151) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words, such as blending or segmenting /c/ /a/ /t/ into 'cat'.

Phonics

Instruction that teaches the relationship between letters (graphemes) and the sounds (phonemes) they represent, enabling decoding and spelling.

Fluency

Reading with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression (prosody); often measured by words correct per minute and supports comprehension.

Tier 2 vocabulary

General academic words that appear across content areas, such as 'analyze' or 'compare'; high-utility words worth explicit instruction.

Formative assessment

Ongoing checks during instruction used to adjust teaching and give feedback; contrasted with summative assessment at the end of learning.

Differentiation

Adjusting content, process, product, or environment based on readiness, interests, and learning profiles so all students can access learning.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding supports this zone.

Backward design

Planning model by Wiggins and McTighe: identify desired results, determine acceptable evidence, then design learning experiences and instruction.

Least restrictive environment

IDEA principle that students with disabilities are educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate, with supports as needed.

Universal Design for Learning

Framework providing multiple means of engagement, representation, and action/expression to remove barriers and support all learners.

Separation of powers

Constitutional division of government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each with distinct powers and checks on the others.

Federalism

System dividing power between national and state governments, including enumerated, reserved, and concurrent powers.

Judicial review

Power of courts to declare laws or actions unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, protecting freedoms such as speech, religion, press, assembly, and due process.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when making a choice; a core economics concept tied to scarcity.

Primary source

Firsthand evidence such as letters, diaries, photographs, or artifacts created during the period being studied.

Order of operations

Convention for evaluating expressions: grouping symbols, exponents, multiplication/division left to right, then addition/subtraction left to right.

Unit rate

A ratio comparing a quantity to one unit of another, such as miles per hour; found by dividing the quantities.

Median

The middle value in an ordered data set; if there are two middle values, the mean of those two values.

Slope

Ratio of vertical change to horizontal change between two points: (y₂ − y₁)/(x₂ − x₁); describes steepness of a line.

Mean

Arithmetic average found by adding all values and dividing by the number of values; sensitive to outliers.

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen in chloroplasts.

Food web

Model showing interconnected food chains and energy flow among producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem.

Rock cycle

Ongoing processes that transform igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks through melting, cooling, weathering, erosion, and heat/pressure.

Independent variable

The factor deliberately changed or manipulated by the investigator in an experiment; the dependent variable responds to it.

Newton's third law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces occur in pairs acting on different objects.

FITT principle

Training guideline using Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type to plan exercise and apply overload for fitness improvement.

Cardiorespiratory endurance

Health-related fitness component measuring the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen during sustained activity.

Target heart rate

Desired exercise heart-rate range, often estimated as (220 − age) × 0.60 to 0.85 for moderate-to-vigorous activity.

Elements of art

Basic visual building blocks: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space, used to create and analyze artworks.

Complementary colors

Colors opposite each other on the color wheel, such as red and green; they create high contrast when paired.

Principles of design

Organizational concepts such as balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, unity, and proportion used to arrange art elements.