OSAT Family and Consumer Sciences (OK109) cheat sheet

Erikson's eight psychosocial stages pair each life phase with a crisis: trust vs. mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs. shame (toddler), initiative vs. guilt (preschool), industry vs. inferiority (school age), identity vs. role confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs. isolation (young adult), generativity vs. stagnation (midlife), integrity vs. despair (older adult).

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, reversibility), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Bowlby and Ainsworth attachment classifications: secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant (ambivalent), and disorganized; the Strange Situation is the standard assessment procedure.

Baumrind parenting styles cross two dimensions, warmth and control: authoritative (high/high), authoritarian (low warmth, high control), permissive (high warmth, low control), uninvolved (low/low).

Kohlberg's moral reasoning levels: preconventional (punishment and exchange), conventional (social approval and law/order), postconventional (social contract and universal principles).

Family life cycle stages (Carter and McGoldrick): leaving home, joining families through marriage, families with young children, families with adolescents, launching children, later life.

Family systems concepts: boundaries (enmeshed vs. disengaged), triangulation, differentiation of self, and circular rather than linear causality.

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model nests microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem; development occurs through proximal processes.

Maslow's hierarchy orders physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs; lower needs generally dominate until met.

Compound interest: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt); continuous compounding uses A = Pe^(rt). Doubling time approximates 72 divided by the annual percentage rate.

Rule of 72 applies only to compound growth; simple interest grows linearly at P(1 + rt).

Opportunity cost is the value of the next-best forgone alternative, not the sum of all alternatives.

A budget identity: income = fixed expenses + variable expenses + savings/debt repayment; a negative residual requires cutting variable costs or raising income.

Emergency fund benchmark: three to six months of essential expenses; self-employed or single-income households lean toward the higher end.

Credit score factors (FICO weights): payment history ~35%, amounts owed ~30%, length of history ~15%, new credit ~10%, credit mix ~10%.

APR includes fees and is the comparable cost of credit; the nominal interest rate excludes them. Truth in Lending requires APR disclosure.

Consumer protection: the Fair Credit Reporting Act governs credit reports and dispute rights; the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act limits collector conduct; the FTC handles deceptive trade practices.

Insurance principle of indemnity: coverage restores the insured to pre-loss financial position; deductibles and coinsurance shift part of the loss to the insured (moral hazard control).

Six nutrient classes: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water. Carbohydrate and protein supply 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

AMDR ranges: carbohydrate 45-65%, fat 20-35%, protein 10-35% of energy; saturated fat under 10% of energy.

Essential amino acids (nine): histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine. Limiting amino acid determines protein quality.

Maillard browning requires reducing sugars plus amino groups and heat; caramelization is sugar-only thermal decomposition.

Gluten forms from glutenin (elasticity) and gliadin (extensibility) hydrated and worked in wheat dough.

Emulsion types: oil-in-water (milk, mayonnaise) stabilized by lecithin or egg yolk; water-in-oil (butter, margarine).

Food safety temperature danger zone is 40-140 F (4-60 C); the FDA Food Code target is keep hot foods at or above 135 F and cold at or below 41 F.

HACCP seven principles: hazard analysis, critical control points, critical limits, monitoring, corrective actions, verification, recordkeeping.

Collagen converts to gelatin with moist heat and time; acid and enzymes (papain, bromelain) accelerate tenderizing. Starch gelatinization thickens sauces; retrogradation causes staling.

Fiber classification: natural (cotton, linen, wool, silk) vs. manufactured (regenerated like rayon, synthetic like polyester, nylon, acrylic, spandex).

Staple fibers are short and twisted into yarns (cotton, wool); filament fibers are continuous (silk, polyester) and give smooth, strong fabrics.

Fabric construction types: woven (warp and weft, plain/twill/satin weaves), knit (weft or warp, stretchy), nonwoven (bonded or felted fibers).

Thread count in woven fabric counts warp plus weft yarns per square inch; higher is not automatically better quality.

Care label symbols and fiber content disclosure are mandated by the FTC Textile Fiber Products Identification Act and Care Labeling Rule.

Draping builds a garment in three dimensions on a dressmaker form; flat pattern drafting works in two dimensions from body measurements.

Principles of design: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion/scale, unity/harmony. Elements: line, shape/form, space, texture, color.

Color schemes: monochromatic, analogous (adjacent on the wheel), complementary (opposite), split-complementary, triadic.

Ease is the difference between body measurement and garment measurement; wearing ease allows movement, design ease creates silhouette.

Elements of design in interiors: line, form, space, texture, color, light. Principles: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion/scale, harmony.

Traffic patterns: work triangle in kitchens connects sink, range, and refrigerator; each leg ideally 4-9 feet, sum 13-26 feet.

Universal design seven principles: equitable use, flexibility, simple/intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for approach and use.

Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in sale or rental based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, familial status, or disability; reasonable accommodation and modification rights apply.

ADA accessibility benchmarks: 36-inch minimum clear width for accessible routes, 32-inch clear door opening, 30 by 48 inch clear floor space at fixtures.

Zoning ordinances separate residential, commercial, and industrial uses; building codes set life-safety and structural minimums.

Sustainable design strategies: passive solar orientation, daylighting, low-VOC finishes, water-efficient fixtures, energy-rated appliances, and durability over first cost.

Housing tenure types: fee simple ownership, condominium (unit plus shared common elements), cooperative (shares plus proprietary lease), rental.

Indoor air quality risks include radon, carbon monoxide, mold from moisture, and off-gassing from pressed-wood products and finishes.

FCS content standards are organized by the National Association of State Administrators of Family and Consumer Sciences (NASAFACS) into 16 areas of study with comprehensive standards and competencies.

Backward design (Wiggins and McTighe): identify desired results, determine acceptable evidence, then plan learning experiences.

Bloom's revised taxonomy orders remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating; objectives should target higher levels where appropriate.

SMART objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound; measurable verbs beat vague verbs like 'know' or 'understand'.

Formative assessment guides instruction during learning; summative assessment judges achievement at the end. Rubrics make performance criteria transparent.

CTSO integration, project-based learning, and laboratory/kitchen or sewing lab management are signature FCS instructional methods.

Differentiation adjusts content, process, or product based on readiness, interest, and learning profile; IEP and 504 plans specify required accommodations.

Career and Technical Education accountability under Perkins V uses core indicators including technical skill attainment and program completion.

Lab safety and liability: documented safety instruction, supervision ratios, equipment checks, and accident reports reduce negligence exposure.

FCCLA is the Career and Technical Student Organization for Family and Consumer Sciences; its motto is 'Toward New Horizons.'

FCCLA programs include STAR Events (Students Taking Action with Recognition), Competitive Events, Skill Demonstration Events, and the Career Investigation.

FCCLA national programs include Student Body (nutrition and fitness), Families First, FACTS (Families Acting for Community Traffic Safety), and STOP the Violence.

Leadership styles: autocratic (task-focused, fast), democratic (shared input, higher commitment), laissez-faire (hands-off, needs mature teams), transformational (vision and growth).

Employability skills framework groups skills as applied knowledge, effective relationships, and workplace skills; communication, teamwork, and problem solving are consistently employer-ranked.

A resume uses reverse chronological order for experience, action verbs, quantified results, and no personal identifiers beyond contact information.

Career decision-making: self-assessment, career exploration, decision making, action planning; interest inventories like O*NET and the Strong Interest Inventory support exploration.

SMART goals plus a written action plan and reflection are standard FCCLA project planning tools; STAR Events are judged on rubric criteria including evaluation and reflection.