Rules of the Air, Airspace and Air Traffic Services
Airspace and clearances
PNG airspace is classified in the ICAO manner, and the class determines whether a clearance, radio and transponder are required and what visibility and cloud separation apply. Controlled airspace entry without a clearance is a classic failure. The Port Moresby FIR is served by PNG Air Services Ltd, with centre, approach and tower units; the transition altitude is the published AIP figure, not a rule of thumb.
Cruising levels and separation
The semi-circular rule assigns levels by magnetic track: 000–179 degrees and 180–359 degrees take odd and even thousands respectively for IFR, with the 500 ft VFR offsets. Track, not heading, decides the level.
Right of way and conflict
- Converging same category: the aircraft on the right has right of way.
- Head-on: both turn right.
- Overtaking: the overtaking aircraft keeps clear.
- Landing: the lower aircraft has right of way, but cannot cut in front of a powered aircraft on final.
Worked example
Two aircraft converge at the same level in Class C. One is on the other's right. The right-hand aircraft has right of way, but neither pilot may simply hold course believing the clearance protects them - see-and-avoid and ATC instruction both still apply, and ATC separation does not remove the duty to avoid a collision.
Traps
- Using heading rather than track for cruising levels.
- Assuming a clearance permits VFR flight in IMC.
- Misreading lost-communication procedures.
- Treating Class G as uncontrolled and therefore free of all rules - right of way and visibility still apply.