NAPOLCOM PNPE flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Analogies: Part to Whole

A relationship where one term is a component of the other, such as 'wheel is to car' or 'page is to book'. The correct answer must preserve the same part-whole direction.

Sentence Completion Clues

Contrast signals (although, despite, however) indicate the missing word opposes the stated idea; continuation signals (and, moreover, therefore) indicate agreement. Predict the word before checking options.

Inference vs. Assumption

An inference is a conclusion logically drawn from stated evidence; an assumption is an unstated premise the argument requires. Both must be supported by the text, not by outside knowledge.

Subject-Verb Agreement Rule

A verb agrees with its subject in number, not with nouns in intervening prepositional phrases. In 'The box of apples is heavy', the singular 'is' agrees with 'box', not 'apples'.

Percentage Formula

Percentage = (part ÷ base) × 100. To find the base, divide the part by the rate expressed as a decimal. To find the part, multiply the base by the rate.

Percentage Increase/Decrease

Change = (new value − old value) ÷ old value × 100. A 20% increase followed by a 20% decrease yields a net 4% decrease from the original value, not zero.

Combined Work Formula

If worker A completes a job in x days and worker B in y days, working together they finish in xy/(x+y) days. The result is always less than the smaller individual time.

Distance-Rate-Time

Distance = rate × time. When two objects move toward each other, add their speeds; when moving in the same direction, subtract the slower speed from the faster.

Simple vs. Compound Interest

Simple interest: I = P × r × t. Compound interest: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where n is the number of compounding periods per year. Compound interest yields more.

Syllogism Validity

From 'All A are B' and 'All B are C', it validly follows that 'All A are C'. From 'All A are B' and 'Some B are C', no definite conclusion follows about A and C.

Contrapositive Equivalence

'If P then Q' is logically equivalent to 'If not Q then not P'. The converse, 'If Q then P', is not equivalent and is a common fallacy in conditional reasoning.

Assumption Negation Test

To identify a necessary assumption, negate the candidate statement. If the negation makes the argument collapse, the original statement is a required assumption.

Correlation vs. Causation

Two events occurring together does not prove one causes the other. An argument that assumes causation from correlation is weakened by an alternative explanation or a common cause.

Deductive vs. Inductive

Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to a certain conclusion; inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to a probable generalization. Only deduction guarantees the conclusion if premises are true.

Philippine Archipelago

The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,641 islands in Southeast Asia, grouped into Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, with Manila as the capital and Quezon City as the most populous city.

Three Branches of Government

The Philippine government has an executive branch (President and Cabinet), a legislative branch (Senate and House of Representatives), and a judicial branch (Supreme Court and lower courts).

National Symbols

The Philippine eagle is the national bird, sampaguita the national flower, narra the national tree, and the Philippine peso is the currency issued under the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

2022 National Elections

Ferdinand Marcos Jr. was elected President and Sara Duterte Vice President in May 2022; both took office on June 30, 2022, for a six-year term.

Bangsamoro Organic Law

The 2018 Bangsamoro Organic Law created the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), replacing the ARMM and granting greater fiscal and political autonomy.

EDCA

The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (2014) allows the United States to rotate troops and build facilities in agreed Philippine bases; additional sites were designated in 2023.

Maharlika Investment Fund

Signed into law in July 2023, the Maharlika Investment Fund is a sovereign wealth fund intended to invest in strategic sectors; it is managed by the Maharlika Investment Corporation.

Battle of Mactan

In 1521, Lapu-Lapu's forces defeated and killed Ferdinand Magellan at Mactan, marking the first recorded resistance to Spanish colonization in the Philippines.

GomBurZa Execution

In 1872, priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were executed by Spanish authorities after the Cavite Mutiny, fueling Filipino nationalism.

Declaration of Independence

On June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite. The date is commemorated annually as Independence Day.

Malolos Constitution

The 1899 Malolos Constitution established the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo, creating a unicameral legislature and a parliamentary-style government.

Philippine Independence 1946

The United States granted the Philippines independence on July 4, 1946, under the Treaty of Manila; the 1987 Constitution was later ratified on February 2, 1987.

Presidential Term

The President of the Philippines is elected to a single six-year term, is commander-in-chief, and cannot seek re-election. The Vice President is elected separately and may serve two consecutive terms.

Congress Composition

Congress is bicameral: the Senate has 24 members serving six-year terms (maximum two consecutive), and the House has not more than 250 members serving three-year terms (maximum three consecutive).

Supreme Court Composition

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. They are appointed by the President from a list submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council and serve until age 70.

Constitutional Commissions

Article IX of the 1987 Constitution establishes three independent commissions: the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.

Bill of Rights

Article III of the 1987 Constitution guarantees due process, equal protection, freedom of speech and assembly, and protection against unreasonable searches, seizures, and cruel punishment.

Constitutional Amendment Process

The Constitution may be amended by a constituent assembly (Congress), a constitutional convention, or a people's initiative with signatures of at least 12% of registered voters and 3% per district.