NAPOLCOM PNPE key terms

A verbal reasoning item that states a relationship between two words and asks you to pick the pair with the same relationship, such as part to whole or cause to effect.

A word that means the opposite of another word. Antonym items test whether you can identify contrast in meaning, often among near-synonyms that make the wrong choices tempting.

A word that has nearly the same meaning as another word. Synonym items test precision of vocabulary, since choices may differ only in shade of meaning or formality.

Information inside a sentence that hints at the meaning of an unfamiliar word, such as a definition, contrast, or example placed near it.

A conclusion drawn from evidence in the passage rather than stated outright. A valid inference must be supported by the text and must not go beyond what it actually implies.

The central point a paragraph or passage is built around. Every other sentence supports, explains, or illustrates it, so it is usually broader than any single detail.

The sentence, often first in a paragraph, that announces what the paragraph will discuss. The remaining sentences develop it with reasons, examples, or details.

A ratio compares two quantities by division; a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Setting cross-products equal lets you solve for an unknown term.

A number expressed as a fraction of one hundred. To find a percent of a value, convert the percent to a decimal and multiply it by that value.

A ratio that compares quantities of different units, such as kilometers per hour or pesos per kilo. Rates are used in distance, work, and cost problems.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are. To find a missing value, multiply the mean by the count, then subtract the known values.

The middle value of a data set arranged in order. If the count is even, the median is the mean of the two middle values.

The value that appears most often in a data set. A set may have one mode, several modes, or none if every value occurs equally often.

A word problem about how long two or more people or machines take to finish a job together. Add their individual rates, then take the reciprocal of the sum.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, such as adding a constant, multiplying, or alternating two patterns. Identifying the rule lets you predict the next term.

A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion, as in all A are B, all B are C, therefore all A are C. Validity depends on form, not on whether the premises are true.

The premise is the evidence or reason given; the conclusion is the claim it is meant to support. Locating both is the first step in evaluating any argument.

A property of an argument where the conclusion must follow if the premises are true. A valid argument can still have false premises and a false conclusion.

A statement the arguer takes for granted but does not state. If the assumption is false, the argument falls apart, so it is often the hidden weak point tested.

An ordered arrangement of items, letters, or symbols following a rule. The task is to detect the pattern, such as skipping letters or alternating directions, and continue it.

A relationship where one event produces another. Reasoning items test whether you can tell genuine causation from mere correlation or from an effect mistaken for its cause.

The law that created the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government, and set up the National Police Commission and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.

The law that reformed the police force by professionalizing it, fixing terms of office and qualifications for senior officers, and strengthening the National Police Commission's oversight powers.

The constitutional and statutory body that exercises administrative control and supervision over the Philippine National Police, including promotions, discipline, and policy direction.

The national police force created in 1991 by merging the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police, now attached to the Department of the Interior and Local Government.

The present fundamental law of the Philippines, ratified in a plebiscite in February 1987. It established a presidential system with three branches and a bill of rights.

Article III of the 1987 Constitution, which protects individual liberties such as due process, free speech, and protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.

The guarantee that a person may not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without fair legal procedure and, in substantive terms, without a valid and reasonable law.

The principle dividing government authority among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches so that each checks the others and no single branch becomes dominant.

The system allowing each branch of government to restrain the others, such as the President's veto power or the Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional.

The executive branch headed by the President, the bicameral legislative branch, and the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court, each with distinct constitutional powers.

A court order requiring that a detained person be brought before a judge so the legality of the detention can be examined. Its suspension is limited by the Constitution.

The smallest political unit in the Philippines, serving as the primary planning and implementing unit of government in the community and the venue for direct citizen participation.

A territorial and political subdivision of the Philippines with its own elected officials and powers, including provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays.

The Local Government Code of 1991, which devolved powers and functions to local government units and set rules on their creation, officials, and finances.

The secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 to win Philippine independence from Spain through armed revolt.

The August 1896 event where Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio tore their cedulas and declared open revolt against Spain, marking the outbreak of the revolution.

The armed struggle against Spanish rule from 1896 to 1898, which ended Spanish colonial authority in the islands and led to the declaration of independence at Kawit, Cavite.

The agreement ending the Spanish-American War in which Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for twenty million dollars, setting off the Philippine-American War.

The transitional government established in 1935 under the Tydings-McDuffie Act, with Manuel Quezon as president, preparing the country for independence after a ten-year period.

The temporary rule by military authority in place of normal civilian law, declared in the Philippines in 1972 by Ferdinand Marcos and lifted in 1981.

The peaceful mass uprising of February 1986 along EDSA that ended the Marcos regime and installed Corazon Aquino as president.

A recent happening in the Philippines or abroad that a well-informed citizen should know about, such as elections, major policies, disasters, or international agreements.

Basic facts about geography, science, culture, and institutions that an educated citizen is expected to know, tested without reference materials.